APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PHILANTHROPIC BEHAVIOR THROUGH AL-GHAZALI’S ETHICAL THEORY: A NARRATIVE REVIEW (Aplikasi Tingkah Laku Filantropi Alam Sekitar Melalui Teori Akhlak al-Ghazali: Satu Ulasan Naratif)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Escalating environmental degradation driven by pollution, biodiversity loss and climate change has intensified the need for sustainable financing mechanisms and moral responsibility in environmental conservation. Addressing these challenges requires coordinated action among institutions, communities and individuals guided by ethical principles that cultivate responsible philanthropic behaviour. Accordingly, this study aims to elucidate the application of environmental philanthropic behaviour through the framework of al-Ghazali’s ethical theory. Using a narrative review approach, this study synthesises existing literature on al-Ghazali’s ethics and Islamic philanthropy within the context of environmental conservation. Thematic and interpretive analysis was conducted based on four core principles of al-Ghazali’s ethics, namely justice (al-ʿadl), moderation (zuhd), prohibition of wastefulness (isrāf) and restoration or reform (iṣlāḥ). The findings indicate that these principles form an ethical foundation for guiding environmental philanthropic behaviour. These principles are further strengthened by the concepts of khalīfah, moral responsibility and maṣlaḥah, which position environmental conservation as part of human responsibility toward Allah’s creation and public welfare. The application of these principles can be observed through initiatives such as Water Waqf, the Green House of Worship programme and various conservation programmes implemented by environmental NGOs. This study emphasises that integrating ethical values into financial support mechanisms can strengthen a culture of giving that is not only based on social benefit, but also grounded in Islamic moral and spiritual values. Therefore, this study recommends the development of measurement instruments for Islamic ethical values in environmental philanthropy to assess public moral awareness and readiness for ethics-based giving. Future research should also examine the role of Islamic values education and digital media, including social media campaigns and environmental documentaries, in fostering empathy and philanthropic engagement in line with al-Ghazali’s principles of iṣlāḥ and zuhd.
ABSTRAK
Kemerosotan alam sekitar yang semakin meningkat akibat pencemaran, kehilangan biodiversiti dan perubahan iklim telah memperkukuh keperluan terhadap mekanisme pembiayaan lestari serta tanggungjawab moral dalam pemuliharaan alam sekitar. Usaha menangani cabaran ini memerlukan tindakan bersepadu daripada institusi, komuniti dan individu yang dipandu oleh prinsip etika bagi membentuk tingkah laku filantropi yang bertanggungjawab. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini bertujuan menjelaskan aplikasi tingkah laku filantropi alam sekitar melalui kerangka teori akhlak al-Ghazali. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan ulasan naratif, kajian ini mensintesiskan literatur sedia ada berkaitan akhlak al- Ghazali dan filantropi Islam dalam konteks pemuliharaan alam sekitar. Analisis tematik dan interpretif dijalankan berdasarkan empat prinsip utama dalam teori akhlak al-Ghazali, iaitu keadilan (al-ʿadl), kesederhanaan (zuhd), larangan pembaziran (isrāf) dan pemulihan atau pembaikan (iṣlāḥ). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa prinsip-prinsip tersebut membentuk asas etika dalam membimbing tingkah laku filantropi alam sekitar. Prinsip ini turut diperkukuh melalui konsep khalifah, tanggungjawab moral dan maṣlaḥah yang meletakkan pemuliharaan alam sekitar sebagai sebahagian daripada amanah manusia terhadap ciptaan Allah dan kesejahteraan awam. Aplikasi prinsip-prinsip ini dapat diperhatikan melalui inisiatif seperti Wakaf Air, Program Rumah Ibadat Hijau dan pelbagai program pemuliharaan yang dilaksanakan oleh badan bukan kerajaan alam sekitar. Kajian ini menegaskan bahawa integrasi nilai etika dalam mekanisme sokongan kewangan berupaya memperkukuh budaya memberi yang bukan sahaja berasaskan manfaat sosial, tetapi juga berteraskan nilai moral dan spiritual Islam. Oleh itu, kajian ini mencadangkan pembangunan instrumen pengukuran nilai etika Islam dalam filantropi alam sekitar bagi menilai kesedaran moral masyarakat dan kesediaan mereka terhadap amalan memberi berasaskan etika. Kajian masa hadapan juga wajar meneliti peranan pendidikan nilai Islam dan media digital, termasuk kempen media sosial serta dokumentari alam sekitar, dalam memupuk empati dan penglibatan filantropi selaras dengan prinsip iṣlāḥ dan zuhd menurut al-Ghazali.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JH-2026-1801-10
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