GAHARU: DARI PERUBATAN NABAWI KE BUKTI SAINTIFIK MODEN (Agarwood: From Prophetic Medicine to Modern Scientific Evidence)

Nabila Syafiqa Abdul Rani, Nurul Hafizah Mohd Nor, Wan Nasyrudin Wan Abdullah, Farah Ayuni Mohd Hatta, Noor Shifa Hameed, Sahilah Abd Mutalib

Abstract


ABSTRAK

Kemenyan India atau Ud al-Hindi disebut berulang kali dalam Sahih al-Bukhari sebagai salah satu kaedah rawatan yang dipraktikkan pada era Kenabian. Dalam beberapa hadis, Rasulullah SAW menegaskan bahawa kemenyan India mempunyai nilai perubatan yang tinggi, bahkan mampu merawat sehingga tujuh jenis penyakit, termasuk pleuritis (radang selaput paru-paru) dan masalah tekak. Kajian moden menunjukkan bahawa kemenyan India yang dirujuk dalam hadis dipercayai berasal daripada tumbuhan yang dikenali sebagai gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis). Gaharu telah lama digunakan dalam perubatan tradisional di Asia Timur, Tibet dan Ayurveda, serta diiktiraf dalam pelbagai budaya dan agama sebagai bahan bernilai tinggi kerana sifat aromatik dan terapeutiknya. Sehubungan itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk menghuraikan potensi terapeutik gaharu dalam bidang kesihatan dan perubatan kontemporari, selaras dengan penggunaannya dalam Perubatan Nabawi seperti yang dinyatakan dalam Sahih al-Bukhari. Kajian literatur ini merangkumi sumber data yang dianalisis daripada pangkalan data Google Scholar, PubMed, dan ScienceDirect bagi tempoh 2013 hingga 2025, dengan meneliti penemuan saintifik terkini berkaitan gaharu yang diakui berpotensi besar dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat moden. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa gaharu berasal daripada spesies Aquilaria malaccensis dan merupakan salah satu daripada keluarga Thymelaeaceae, yang banyak ditemui di Asia Tenggara, Asia Selatan, dan Timur Tengah. Pokok ini menghasilkan resin berwarna gelap serta berdamar sebagai mekanisme pertahanan semula jadi terhadap jangkitan mikroorganisma pada luka batang. Kepelbagaian dan kerumitan juzuk kimia gaharu inilah yang menyumbang kepada pelbagai bioaktiviti dan kesan farmakologinya, termasuk sifat antidiabetik, antioksidan, antimikrob, antikanser, anti radang, antidepresan, antiasma, serta potensi perlindungan neurodegeneratif dan peranan dalam pengawalan fungsi reproduktif. Secara keseluruhannya, gaharu bukan sahaja merupakan bahan bernilai tinggi dalam industri minyak wangi komersial, tetapi juga sebagai agen terapeutik yang wajar diterokai secara lebih mendalam dalam penyelidikan kesihatan dan perubatan. Lebih penting lagi, analisis ini juga mengukuhkan kaitan antara amalan Perubatan Nabawi yang disabdakan oleh Nabi Muhammad SAW dengan bukti saintifik moden, sekali gus memperlihatkan keserasian tradisi Islam dengan disiplin sains kontemporari.

ABSTRACT

Indian incense, or Ud al-Hindi, is repeatedly mentioned in Sahih al-Bukhari as one of the therapeutic practices applied during the Prophetic era. In several hadiths, the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) emphasized that Indian incense possesses significant medicinal value, being capable of treating up to seven types of ailments, including pleurisy (inflammation of the pleural membrane) and throat-related disorders. Modern studies suggest that the Indian incense referred to in these hadiths is believed to originate from a plant known as agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis). Agarwood has long been utilized in traditional medicine systems such as East Asian, Tibetan, and Ayurvedic medicine, and is highly esteemed across diverse cultures and religions for its aromatic and therapeutic qualities. Accordingly, this article aims to elaborate on the therapeutic potential of agarwood in contemporary health and medicine, in alignment with its use in Prophetic Medicine as documented in Sahih al-Bukhari. This literature review draws upon data analyzed from Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases covering the period from 2013 to 2025, focusing on recent scientific findings related to agarwood that highlight its considerable promise in enhancing modern human well-being. Findings indicate that agarwood is derived from the species Aquilaria malaccensis, a member of the Thymelaeaceae family, predominantly found in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East. This tree produces a dark resinous heartwood as a natural defense mechanism in response to microbial infections caused by wounding. The diversity and complexity of agarwood’s chemical constituents account for its wide-ranging bioactivities and pharmacological effects, including antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antiasthmatic, as well as neuroprotective properties and roles in reproductive regulation. Overall, agarwood is recognized not only as a highly valuable commodity in the commercial perfume industry but also as a therapeutic agent warranting further in-depth exploration in health and medical research. More importantly, this analysis reinforces the connection between the Prophetic medical practices advocated by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and modern scientific evidence, thereby highlighting the harmony between Islamic tradition and contemporary scientific disciplines.


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JH-2025-1702-11

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