COMPARISON OF WORLDWIDE REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES ON THE ETHICS OF MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY (Perbandingan Peraturan dan Garis Panduan Mengenai Etika Bioteknologi Moden di Seluruh Dunia)

Ahmad Fazil Ellias, Nur Asmadayana Hasim, Latifah Amin, Zurina Mahadi, Farah Ayuni Mohd Hatta, Nurul Hafizah Mohd Nor

Abstract


ABSTRACT

Modern biotechnology is one of the advanced technologies that promises many benefits for human life. However, the aggressive development in modern biotechnology has raised many issues including the effects on human health, and the impact on the environment. The ethical issues of ‘playing God’ on the part of scientists, and monopoly by industries have led to a great deal of controversy. The objective of this study was to analyse and compare the regulatory documents related to modern biotechnology ethics including national codes, regulations, and guidelines that have been approved and implemented globally. This study adopted a qualitative approach by carrying out content analysis of secondary documents. The results from the comparative study were discussed to determine the scope and comprehensiveness of the content of existing regulatory ethics documents for modern biotechnology. This study found that globally there were only seven different ethics documents related to modern biotechnology. Two documents were specific guidelines on modern biotechnology, four documents were guidelines on biomedical research, and one document focused on universal bioethics principles. One document was established as an Act while another document leveraged the associated existing gene technology legislation for effective implementation purposes. All the documents had coverage of ethical principles as the basis for decision-making on the part of modern biotechnology practitioners. There were some similarities and differences in the seven documents with respect to ethical principles, the names of sections, and the implementation procedures. Given that Malaysia still lacks ethical guidelines relating to modern biotechnology, the finding of this study is important as a reference point for policymakers in developing a comprehensive guideline.

ABSTRAK

Bioteknologi moden merupakan salah satu teknologi canggih yang menjanjikan pelbagai faedah kepada kehidupan manusia. Walau bagaimanapun, perkembangan bioteknologi moden yang agresif telah menimbulkan banyak isu termasuk kesan ke atas kesihatan manusia, dan kesan kepada alam sekitar. Isu etika dalam bioteknologi moden seperti ‘tindakan seolah-olah Tuhan’ dalam kalangan saintis, dan isu monopoli oleh pihak industri telah menimbulkan banyak kontroversi. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dokumen garis panduan berkaitan etika dalam bioteknologi moden termasuklah kod, peraturan dan garis panduan yang telah diluluskan dan dilaksanakan pada peringkat global. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menjalankan analisis kandungan dokumen sekunder. Hasil daripada kajian perbandingan telah dibincangkan untuk menentukan skop dan kecukupan kandungan dokumen garis panduan etika dalam bioteknologi moden sedia ada. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa hanya terdapat tujuh dokumen berkaitan dengan etika bioteknologi moden secara global. Dua dokumen adalah garis panduan khusus mengenai bioteknologi moden, empat dokumen adalah garis panduan mengenai penyelidikan bioperubatan, dan satu dokumen memberi tumpuan kepada bioetika sejagat. Satu dokumen telah diwartakan sebagai Akta manakala satu lagi dokumen perlu dibaca bersama perundangan teknologi gen sedia ada bagi memudahkan pelaksanaan. Semua dokumen mempunyai liputan prinsip etika sebagai asas untuk membuat keputusan bagi pihak pengamal bioteknologi moden. Terdapat beberapa persamaan dan perbezaan dalam tujuh dokumen berkenaan seperti prinsip etika, nama bahagian dan prosedur pelaksanaan. Memandangkan Malaysia masih tiada garis panduan etika berkaitan bioteknologi moden, dapatan kajian ini penting sebagai titik rujukan penggubal dasar dalam membangunkan garis panduan yang komprehensif.


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JH-2023-1502-07

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