COMPARATIVE RELIGION & IDEOLOGY STUDIES FOR MULTI-RELIGION STUDENTS UNIVERSITY IN MALAYSIA: A REVIEW (Pengajian Perbandingan Agama dan Ideologi dalam Kalangan Pelajar Pelbagai Agama di Universiti di Malaysia: Satu Sorotan)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
This review generally involved research in sociology of religion and education, which critically emphasizes the tendency toward ideology of atheism and agnosticism among multi-religious students that presents a complex challenge within the nation’s multicultural religious background in Malaysia. This research is explanatory research which is used mixed methods research design. The methods used are Survey for quantitative and Systematic Literature Review (SLR) for qualitative. Focus of this research is four-fold, to evaluate the trend of the tendency, to determine the type challenges, the implications and the interventions for university context in this country. Drawing on recent studies, this review explores how atheistic and agnostic ideologies are perceived in Malaysia’s ethnoreligious landscape, particularly in public universities where religious conformity is often culturally embedded. Although atheism remains a minority identity, the challenges lies in its undeniable statistical increase, driven by secular academic content, scientific literacy and modern demographic changes. This phenomenon also challenges national identity, particularly in relation to freedom of religion as well as cultural values, thereby giving rise to implications such as negative social effects and identity conflict. This review also emphasizing the importance of inclusive education as an intervention measure toward nowadays development of atheism and agnosticism ideology. Thus, highlighting Comparative Religion and Ideology (CRI) studies as MPU course as its promising preventative strategy for university students from different religious backgrounds at higher education levels. These required courses include critical thinking exercises, interfaith discussions, cross-cultural religious activities and sacred text analysis as a means of fostering mutual respect and understanding between students from various religious and non-theist backgrounds. This will effectively manage the ideologies of atheism and agnosticism by reducing prejudice and fostering intergroup religion harmony. Inclusive religious studies in higher education institutes are intended to foster religiously literate of multiracial societies and mutual understanding especially in Malaysia and global.
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini secara umumnya melibatkan penyelidikan dalam bidang sosiologi agama dan pendidikan, yang secara kritikal menekankan kecenderungan terhadap ideologi ateisme dan agnostisisme dalam kalangan pelajar berbilang agama, yang seterusnya menimbulkan cabaran kompleks dalam latar belakang keagamaan masyarakat majmuk di Malaysia. Kajian ini merupakan penyelidikan berbentuk penjelasan (explanatory research) yang menggunakan reka bentuk kaedah campuran (mixed methods). Kaedah yang digunakan ialah tinjauan (survey) bagi data kuantitatif dan Sorotan Literatur Sistematik (Systematic Literature Review, SLR) bagi data kualitatif. Fokus kajian ini adalah empat aspek utama, iaitu untuk menilai trend kecenderungan, mengenal pasti jenis cabaran, meneliti implikasi serta mencadangkan intervensi dalam konteks universiti di negara ini. Berdasarkan kajian-kajian terkini, sorotan ini meneroka bagaimana ideologi ateisme dan agnostisisme ditanggapi dalam landskap etno-agama di Malaysia, khususnya di universiti awam di mana kepatuhan agama sering berakar dalam budaya. Walaupun ateisme masih merupakan identiti minoriti, cabaran utama terletak pada peningkatan statistiknya yang tidak dapat dinafikan, didorong oleh kandungan akademik sekular, literasi saintifik dan perubahan demografi moden. Fenomena ini juga mencabar konsep keagamaan budaya serta kebebasan beragama, sekali gus membawa kepada implikasi seperti kesan sosial negatif dalam negara dan konflik identiti individu. Selain itu, kajian ini turut menekankan kepentingan pendidikan inklusif sebagai langkah intervensi terhadap perkembangan semasa ideologi ateisme dan agnostisisme. Dalam hal ini, kajian Perbandingan Agama dan Ideologi (Comparative Religion and Ideology, CRI) yang ditawarkan sebagai kursus MPU diketengahkan sebagai strategi pencegahan yang berpotensi bagi pelajar universiti daripada pelbagai latar belakang agama di peringkat pengajian tinggi. Kursus wajib ini merangkumi latihan pemikiran kritis, dialog antara agama, aktiviti keagamaan rentas budaya serta analisis teks suci sebagai medium untuk memupuk rasa hormat dan kefahaman bersama antara pelajar daripada pelbagai latar belakang agama dan bukan teistik. Pendekatan ini dijangka dapat mengurus cabaran berkaitan ideologi ateisme dan agnostisisme secara berkesan dengan mengurangkan prejudis serta memupuk keharmonian antara kelompok agama. Secara keseluruhannya, pengajian agama yang inklusif di institusi pengajian tinggi bertujuan untuk membentuk masyarakat majmuk yang celik agama serta memperkukuh kefahaman bersama, khususnya di Malaysia dan juga di peringkat global.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JH-2026-1801-05
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