MULTIFACETED ROLES OF ZIZIPHUS MAURITIANA IN DIABETES MANAGEMENT: A REVIEW OF IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES (Pelbagai Peranan Ziziphus mauritiana dalam Pengurusan Diabetes: Satu Ulasan Kajian In Vitro dan In Vivo)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a long-term condition characterized by the body’s inability to maintain normal blood glucose levels, leading to chronic symptoms. Worldwide, approximately 537 million adults aged 20 to 79 years are diagnosed with diabetes. Given its rising prevalence and global health impact, alternative therapeutic strategies with fewer side effects and greater accessibility are needed. Therefore, this review focuses on the therapeutic potential of Ziziphus mauritiana (ZM) in the management of DM. Focusing on in vitro and in vivo research, a comprehensive literature review was conducted up to 2025 to explore ZM and identify its active constituents and their mechanisms of action, with particular focus on α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition in the regulation of carbohydrate digestion and glycemic control. Supplementary searches were also conducted to evaluate the safety and toxicology of the plant, ensuring thorough coverage of potential adverse effects. ZM exhibits strong antidiabetic potential by inhibiting carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, thereby slowing carbohydrate breakdown and postprandial glucose spikes. The presence of bioactive compounds such as saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids modulates glucose absorption and insulin sensitivity by directly or indirectly interacting with the enzyme active site. ZM also possesses strong antioxidant potential, scavenging oxygen radicals and reducing oxidative stress associated with pancreatic β-cell damage and DM progression. ZM has a significant effect on blood glucose management due to its ability to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase and its rich profile of bioactive compounds. As for safety, ZM demonstrates a favorable safety profile at acute doses, though prolonged high-dose administration may warrant caution. Ultimately, the current lack of extensive clinical evidence necessitates further studies on effective dosing and cytotoxicity for its development as an herbal DM therapy.
ABSTRAK
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) merupakan satu keadaan jangka panjang yang dicirikan oleh ketidakupayaan tubuh untuk mengekalkan paras glukosa darah yang normal, yang seterusnya menyebabkan pelbagai simptom kronik. Di seluruh dunia, dianggarkan sekitar 537 juta orang dewasa berumur antara 20 hingga 79 tahun telah didiagnosis dengan diabetes. Seiring dengan peningkatan prevalens penyakit ini serta impaknya terhadap kesihatan global, strategi terapeutik alternatif yang mempunyai kesan sampingan yang lebih rendah serta lebih mudah diakses amat diperlukan. Oleh itu, ulasan ini memberi tumpuan kepada potensi terapeutik Ziziphus mauritiana (ZM) dalam pengurusan DM. Dengan memfokuskan kepada kajian in vitro dan in vivo, satu tinjauan literatur yang komprehensif telah dijalankan sehingga tahun 2025 bagi meneliti ZM untuk mengenal pasti komponen aktifnya serta mekanisme tindakannya, dengan penekanan khusus terhadap penghambatan enzim α-amilase dan α-glukosidase dalam pengawalan pencernaan karbohidrat dan kawalan glisemik. Carian tambahan turut dijalankan untuk menilai aspek keselamatan dan toksikologi tumbuhan, bagi memastikan liputan yang menyeluruh terhadap potensi kesan buruk. ZM menunjukkan potensi antidiabetik yang kuat melalui penghambatan enzim yang menghidrolisis karbohidrat, sekali gus memperlahankan pemecahan karbohidrat dan peningkatan glukosa selepas makan. Kehadiran sebatian bioaktif seperti saponin, alkaloid, flavonoid dan terpenoid membantu memodulasi penyerapan glukosa serta sensitiviti insulin melalui interaksi secara langsung atau tidak langsung dengan tapak aktif enzim. Selain itu, ZM juga mempunyai potensi antioksidan yang tinggi dengan keupayaan menyahtoksik radikal oksigen serta mengurangkan tekanan oksidatif yang berkaitan dengan kerosakan sel β-pankreas dan perkembangan DM. Secara keseluruhannya, ZM menunjukkan kesan yang signifikan dalam pengawalan glukosa darah melalui keupayaannya menghambat enzim α-amilase dan α-glukosidase serta kandungan sebatian bioaktif yang kaya. Dari segi keselamatan, ZM menunjukkan profil keselamatan yang baik pada dos akut, namun penggunaan berpanjangan pada dos tinggi mungkin memerlukan perhatian. Secara keseluruhannya, kekurangan bukti klinikal yang meluas pada masa ini menuntut kajian lanjut mengenai dos berkesan dan sitotoksisiti bagi pembangunan ZM sebagai terapi herba untuk DM.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JH-2026-1801-11
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