Pengumpulan Modal oleh Orang Cina di Pulau Pinang (1820-1867): Satu Tinjauan dari Aspek Aset, Potensi dan Peluang (Capital Accumulation by the Chinese in Penang (1820-1867): A Review from the Aspects of Assets, Potential and Opportunities)
Abstract
ABSTRAK: Artikel ini memfokuskan kepada pengumpulan modal oleh orang Cina pada tempoh perkembangan pembangunan Pulau Pinang di bawah penguasaan British, 1820-1867. Faktor dari segi aspek aset diri dan kaum, potensi yang ditawarkan oleh aktiviti ekonomi kawasan dan peluang yang diperoleh serta rangkaian ekonomi yang diwujudkan dikemukakan di sini sebagai penyumbang kepada keupayaan tersebut. Menurut Porter dan Fiske (1935), modal merujuk kepada kekayaan fizikal. Namun perbincangan artikel ini melibatkan juga modal dalam bentuk modal insan dan bukan fizikal. Dibahaskan di sini sejauh mana setiap satu aspek dan secara kolektifnya membolehkan orang Cina di Pulau Pinang mengumpul modal, sama ada secara sah atau haram, melalui lapangan keluaran dan lapangan tukaran. Kepentingan penelitian ini adalah bagi menelusuri akar umbi kepada penguasaan bidang ekonomi masyarakat Cina di Malaysia amnya dan di Pulau Pinang khususnya. Pembuktian diperoleh dari rekod dan dokumen yang terdapat di perpustakaan, arkib dan rumah persatuan Cina. Penelitian ini menerapkan kaedah tafsiran sejarah dengan analisisnya menggunakan beberapa ilmu bantu sejarah. Hasil kajian mendapati aspek aset diri dan kaum sangat dominan, namun sumbangan aspek lain seperti potensi diri dan peluang yang wujud di sekitar Pulau Pinang juga penting dalam mengupayakan orang Cina Pulau Pinang mengumpul modal. Kejayaan Koh Lay Huan di Pulau Pinang bersama dengan rakan perniagaannya Khaw Soo Cheang di Ranong, misalnya dapat dikaitkan dengan faktor aset diri, potensi ekonomi setempat dan peluang yang diberikan oleh rakan perniagaan dan Raja Mongkut di Thailand. Manakala faktor potensi dan rangkaian aktiviti ekonomi terutamanya dalam pemajakan cukai, di samping peranan British telah memberikan peluang besar kepada orang Cina di Pulau Pinang untuk meningkatkan keupayaan mereka mengasaskan kejayaan dalam lapangan keluaran dan pertukaran yang berterusan.
Kata kunci: Pengumpulan modal; orang Cina; Pulau Pinang; aset; potensi
ABSTRACT: This article focuses on the capital accumulation by the Chinese in Penang during the development period under the British control, 1820-1867. Factor in terms of personal asset, racial factors helped by the potential of the region’s economic activities and opportunities, and also the extend of economic networks presented here as a contributor to these capabilities. According to Porter and Fiske (1935), capital refers to physical wealth. The discussion of this article also involves capital in the form of non-physical and human capital. Debated here how each aspect and collectively enable the Chinese in Penang raise capital, either legally or illegally, through the field of production and exchange. The importance of this study is to determined the grassroots to control the economy of the Chinese community in Malaysia especially Penang in general and particular. Proof is obtained from the records and documents available in libraries, archives and Chinese associations. This study applies the rules of interpretation of history with the analysis using several auxiliary science of history. Results of the study shows that the assets and the family are very dominant, but the contribution of other factors such as potential and opportunities that exist in Penang are also important in enabling the Chinese in Penang to accumulate capital. Koh Lay Huan success in Penang along with his business partner-Khaw Soo Cheang of Ranong, can be attributed to factors such as personal assets, local economic potential, opportunities offered by business partners and King Mongkut of Thailand. While the potential and range of economic activities, especially in taxes leasing, as well as the role of British had a great chance to increase the ability of the Chinese in Penang founded their success in the field of sustainable production and exchange.
Keywords: Capital accumulation; Chinese; Pulau Pinang; assets; potential
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