Interpretasi Terkini Data Arkeologi di Kompleks Percandian Pengkalan Bujang, Kedah

ZULISKANDAR RAMLI, NIK HASSAN SHUHAIMI NIK ABDUL RAHMAN, ADNAN JUSOH, MUHAMMAD RIZAL RAZMAN

Abstract


ABSTRAK: Penyelidikan arkeologi di Pengkalan Bujang, Kedah pada awalnya telah dijalankan secara sistematik oleh QuaritchWales sejak tahun 1936 hingga 1937 lagi di bawah tajaan Greater India Research Committee yang berpusat di Calcutta, India. Antara tapak yang telah diekskavasi oleh Quaritch-Wales ialah Tapak 18, Tapak 19, Tapak 21, Tapak 22 dan Tapak 23. Beberapa jumpaan penting telah berjaya ditemui semasa ekskavasi yang dijalankan oleh Quaritch-Wales yang mana antaranya ialah arca agama, serpihan seramik, relikuari dan pelbagai artifak yang lain. Alastair Lamb juga telah menjalankan penyelidikan beliau di Pengkalan Bujang di mana beliau lebih memberi fokus kepada jumpaan kaca dan pelbagai jenis manik di Pengkalan Bujang. Antara pendapat beliau ialah kaca yang banyak ditemui di Pengkalan Bujang, Kedah berasal dari Timur Tengah dan berkemungkinan juga kaca ini merupakan kaca yang diguna semula untuk menghasilkan manik kaca monokrom. Leong Sau Heng pada tahun 1973 telah menyiapkan tesis sarjana beliau berkenaan dengan taburan seramik di Pengkalan Bujang di mana beliau telah membuat kesimpulan bahawa pelabuhan di Pengkalan Bujang hanya digunakan sehingga zaman Dinasti Sung sahaja berdasarkan kepada jumpaan seramik yang diperoleh hasil daripada ekskavasi yang beliau lakukan. Ekskavasi semula Tapak 21 dan Tapak 22 telah dijalankan oleh Jabatan Muzium dan Antikuiti pada tahun 1974 yang diketuai oleh Adi Taha dengan tujuan mendedahkan secara keseluruhan tapak yang pernah diekskavasi oleh Quaritch-Wales ini. Ekskavasi di Tapak 23 pula telah dijalankan pada tahun 1986 hingga 1991 oleh Jabatan Muzium dan Antikuiti di mana penyelidikan sebanyak 6 fasa ini melibatkan penyelidik dari Jabatan Muzium dan Antikuiti dan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Ekskavasi di Tapak 23 pada tahun 1990 hingga 1991 melibatkan Centre National de la Researche Scientifiqua, Paris, Pusat Penyelidikan Timur Jauh Perancis, Jabatan Muzium dan Antikuiti dan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Pada tahun 2004 dan 2005, Jabatan Muzium dan Antikuiti telah menjalankan ekskavasi yang terakhir di Tapak 23 di mana ekskavasi kali ini telah mendedahkan secara keseluruhannya Tapak 23 ini dan sebuah struktur dibina untuk mengekalkan tapak ini secara insitu. Pada tahun 2006 hingga 2007, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia telah menjalankan satu ekskavasi di satu kawasan antara Tapak 22 dan Tapak 23 dengan tujuan untuk mendedahkan sebuah struktur yang dipercayai sebuah candi tetapi struktur ini tidak berjaya ditemui. Ekskavasi secara vertikal telah berjaya menemukan alat batu yang menjadi bukti berlaku evolusi sosio-budaya masyarakat di Pengkalan Bujang. Secara umumnya, data arkeologi dan arkeometri di Pengkalan Bujang telah membuktikan wujudnya proses akulturasi budaya India dan transformasi ilmu masyarakat tempatan yang mendiami sekitar Pengkalan Bujang, Kedah.

Kata kunci: Pengkalan Bujang, candi, arkeologi, arkeometri, Lembah Bujang

 

ABSTRACT: Archaeological research at Pengkalan Bujang, Kedah was earlier conducted systematically by Quaritch-Wales in 1936 to 1937 under the sponsorship of the Greater India Research Committee based in Calcutta, India. The sites that have been excavated by Quaritch-Wales are Site 18, Site 19, Site 21, Site 22 and Site 23. Several important findings were successfully discovered during the excavations conducted by Quaritch-Wales and these are religious sculptures, ceramic shards, reliquary and various other artefacts. Alastair Lamb also conducted his research in Pengkalan Bujang where he mainly focused on the discovery of various types of glass and beads. One of his opinions is that a lot of glass which was found in Pengkalan Bujang, Kedah had come from the Middle East and it is likely that the glass was reused to produce monochrome glass beads. Leong Sau Heng in 1973 completed her Master’s thesis titled “The distribution of ceramics in Pengkalan Bujang” and she reached the conclusion that the port in Pengkalan Bujang was only used up until the Sung Dynasty based on the ceramic findings obtained as a result of the excavation which she carried out. Excavation of Site 21 and Site 22 was conducted by the Department of Museums and Antiquities in 1974, led by Adi Taha, in order to expose the whole site which was earlier excavated by Quaritch- Wales. Excavation at Site 23 was conducted in 1986 and 1991, led by the Department of Museums and Antiquities and involved researchers from the Department of Museums and Antiquities and the National University of Malaysia. In 1990 and 1991, the excavation at Site 23 in Pengkalan Bujang also involved researchers from Centre National de la researche Scientifiqua, Paris, The École française d’ExtrêmeOrient (EFEO), Department of Museums and Antiquities and the National University of Malaysia. The final excavation was conducted at Site 23 in Pengkalan Bujang between 2004 and 2005 by the Department of Museums and Antiquities which exposed the whole structure, and the structure was left in situ. From 2006 to 2007, the National University of Malaysia conducted an excavation in an area between Site 22 and Site 23. The excavation took place because of the report from a geo-electric survey which suggested that there is probably a temple structure below the surface of the area. The excavation did not find any structure which was mentioned in the geo-electric survey; however, the excavation successfully uncovered a stone tool which showed evidence of socio-cultural evolution taking place in the society living in Pengkalan Bujang. Generally, archaeological and archaeometry data from Pengkalan Bujang have proven the existence of acculturation of the Indian culture and the transformation of knowledge of local communities who had lived around Pengkalan Bujang, Kedah.

Key words: Pengkalan Bujang, candi, archaeology, archaeometry, Bujang Valley


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References


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