Dokumentasi Saintifik: Resipi Tinta Tradisional dan Bahan Penulisan Manuskrip di Rantau Melayu (Scientific Documentation: Traditional Ink Recipes and Writing Materials used in Manuscripts in the Malay Region)
Abstract
ABSTRAK: Dokumentasi dan penerangan mengenai pembuatan tinta asli dan bahan-bahan yang digunakan bagi menghasilkan manuskrip Melayu sering menjadi topik minimal dalam perbincangan literatur dan tidak didokumentasikan dengan baik. Segala maklumat dan pengetahuan berkaitan pembuatan tinta dipercayai hanya diwarisi dari satu generasi kepada generasi melalui kata lisan dan bukan melalui dokumentasi yang formal. Lebih menyedihkan lagi, ilmu terhadap pembuatan tinta hanyalah terhad kepada kalangan masyarakat eksklusif seperti pegawai istana, guru agama serta pelajar mereka. Sehubungan dengan itu, kajian ini didedikasi untuk memberi pendedahan terhadap resipi tinta tradisional Melayu serta bahan-bahan lain yang digunakan bagi menghasilkan naskhah manuskrip melalui beberapa pendekatan, iaitu wawancara berstruktur dan sumber literatur dengan menganalisis resipi dari serantau dunia yang dipercayai turut mempengaruhi penghasilan tinta di alam Melayu. Secara tradisional, tinta yang terdapat pada manuskrip Melayu adalah berasaskan sumber karbon dan dihasilkan daripada sumber semula jadi seperti arang hitam dan arang dari kulit manggis, getah gajus, beras ketan (beras pulut), telur putih, minyak daripada kulit buah gajus, lada hitam, garam, minyak kelapa dara dan cuka sawit serta bahan-bahan lain yang terdapat di kawasan sekeliling. Bahan kertas pula adalah kertas buatan tangan yang diimport dari Eropah mahupun Asia Tenggara. Kajian ini merupakan inisiatif baru bagi mendedahkan sejarah tinta tradisional Melayu dan memperluaskan lagi pengetahuan repertoir dalam teknologi kimia Melayu dan bahan lain yang digunakan bagi penghasilan naskhah manuskrip Melayu. Legasi tinta hitam tradisional Melayu yang ditunjukkan secara empirikal menggambarkan kebijaksanaan masyarakat Melayu terdahulu walaupun tiada pendidikan formal tetapi mampu memahami komposisi kimia yang terdapat pada setiap bahan yang digunakan bagi menghasilkan tinta tradisional.
Kata kunci: Dokumentasi saintifik; legasi; tinta tradisional; tradisi Melayu
ABSTRACT: There is a scarcity of documentation and descriptions of such an indigenous ink formula in the literature. Even the rare records of this priceless heritage only mention the ink’s constituents. The legacy of Malay indigenous ink manufacturing should be preserved in historical archives due to a lack of knowledge about the proportions of each ingredient and the techniques involved. All information and knowledge about ink manufacturing is thought to be passed down orally rather than through written documents from one generation to the next. Even worse, knowledge of ink production is restricted to a selected group of people, including palace officials, religious teachers and their students. As a result, this project focuses on finding the history of Malay traditional ink using a variety of methods, including examining existing early Malay manuscripts, conducting structured interviews and analysing literature sources on ink recipes from throughout the world. Traditional Malay manuscript ink is made from natural sources such as coal, black coal from extracted mangosteen skin, cashew gum from the bark of the cashew tree, glutinous rice, egg white, oil from the rind of a cashew, black pepper, salt, virgin coconut oil and palm vinegar, and other ingredients found in the area. Handmade paper is imported from European and Southeast Asian countries. This is a new programme aimed at learning more about the history of Malay traditional ink and expanding indigenous knowledge of Malay technology and other materials used in the production of Malay manuscripts. The empirically demonstrated legacy of black ink illustrates the wisdom of the traditional Malay community, even though the Malays are able to understand the chemical composition included in any materials used to manufacture the traditional ink despite their lack of formal education.
Keywords: Scientific documentation; legacy; traditional ink; Malay tradition
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