Integrasi GIS dan AHP dalam penilaian kesesuaian tapak perkuburan Islam (The integration of GIS and AHP in the evaluation of Islamic cemetery site suitability)
Abstract
Kekurangan tanah perkuburan merupakan isu utama di kawasan berpenduduk padat dan menuntut penyelesaian perancangan yang sistematik. Pemilihan tapak perkuburan baharu adalah proses yang kompleks kerana perlu mematuhi garis panduan perancangan yang telah ditetapkan. Walaupun beberapa kajian antarabangsa telah dijalankan, kebanyakan daripadanya tidak merujuk kepada garis panduan rasmi, manakala kajian di Asia masih terhad dalam aspek penentuan lokasi perkuburan baharu. Kajian ini dijalankan bagi mengenal pasti kawasan perkuburan baharu di Hulu Langat berpandukan Garis Panduan Perancangan Tempat Perkuburan Islam 2023. Sepuluh kriteria digunakan iaitu jarak dari kediaman, jarak dari punca air, jarak dari saliran, jenis tanah, kecerunan, ketinggian, serta bebas dari kawasan berisiko banjir, tanah runtuh, hakisan dan kawasan lombong. Kaedah proses hierarki analisis digunakan untuk mendapatkan pemberat bagi setiap kriteria, manakala pemprosesan dan hasil peta kesesuaian dilaksanakan dalam persekitaran GIS. Hasil analisis menunjukkan keluasan kawasan yang dikategorikan sebagai paling sesuai ialah 39.81 km2, sesuai (28.05 km2), kurang sesuai (290.33 km2) dan tidak sesuai (0.81 km2). Dengan ketepatan pemetaan kawasan berkategori paling sesuai, berpotensi menampung sehingga 4.5 juta jenazah, dengan ketepatan pemetaan kesesuaian sebanyak 93%. Kajian ini membuktikan bahawa integrasi AHP dan GIS yang merujuk garis panduan rasmi dapat meningkatkan ketepatan dan kebolehpercayaan dalam pemilihan tapak perkuburan. Walau bagaimanapun, penyelidikan lanjutan secara kuantitatif yang mengambil kira faktor komposisi kaum masih diperlukan. Pendekatan ini wajar diaplikasikan secara proaktif oleh pihak berkepentingan bagi menyokong perancangan guna tanah yang lebih sesuai, dengan memastikan kawasan perkuburan baharu ditempatkan di lokasi yang selamat daripada risiko banjir, tidak menjejaskan kawasan penempatan sedia ada serta mampu memenuhi keperluan jangka panjang komuniti secara seimbang dan lestari.
Kata kunci: Garis panduan, GIS, Hulu Langat, JPBD, Proses hierarki analisis (AHP), tapak perkuburan
The shortage of burial grounds has emerged as a critical issue in densely populated areas, necessitating systematic planning solutions. The selection of new cemetery sites is a complex process, as it must comply with established planning guidelines. Although several international studies have been conducted, most do not explicitly refer to official guidelines, while research in Asia remains limited in addressing the spatial determination of new burial sites. This study was conducted to identify suitable areas for new cemeteries in Hulu Langat with reference to the Islamic Cemetery Planning Guidelines 2023. Ten criteria were applied, namely distance from residential areas, distance from water sources, distance from drainage networks, soil type, slope, elevation, and avoidance of areas prone to flooding, landslides, erosion and mining activities. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to derive weighting factors for each criterion, while spatial data processing and suitability mapping were performed within a GIS environment. The analysis revealed that the land area classified as most suitable covered 39.81 km², suitable (28.05 km²), less suitable (290.33 km²) and not suitable (0.81 km²). The mapping of the most suitable category, demonstrated the potential capacity to accommodate up to 4.5 million burials, with an overall suitability mapping accuracy of 93%. This study provides evidence that the integration of AHP and GIS, when aligned with official planning guidelines, enhances accuracy and reliability in cemetery site selection. Nevertheless, further quantitative research that incorporates demographic factors, particularly ethnic composition, is still required. This approach should be proactively applied by stakeholders to support more appropriate land use planning, by ensuring that new cemeteries are placed in locations that are safe from flood risk, do not affect existing settlements and are able to meet the long-term needs of the community in a balanced and sustainable manner.
Keywords: Guidelines, GIS, Hulu Langat, JPBD, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Site cemetery
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