Sluicing, Pseudosluicing, and Question Formation in Moroccan Arabic Dialect
Abstract
This paper investigates sluicing as a form of ellipsis in the formation of wh-elements. The analysis is based on native speaker judgments and introspective data from Moroccan Arabic Dialect (MAD). The study demonstrates that all wh-elements in MAD, including subjects, objects, adverbials, and complex forms, can undergo sluicing, sometimes accompanied by a copular pronoun. The analysis distinguishes between different types of sluicing present in MAD: merger (isomorphic), sprouting (non-isomorphic), and contrast sluices, each with unique syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic licensing requirements. The paper also explores key properties of sluicing in MAD, such as connectivity effects, island insensitivity, and the Preposition Stranding Generalization (PSG). It is found that whereas connectivity and gender sensitivity show form-identity between the sluice and its antecedent, only the restriction on wh-adverbials with copular pronouns provides strong evidence for gap wh-movement in sluicing. The paper critically evaluates two main analytical approaches: LF-copying and TP-deletion. The latter is more superior due to its compatibility with MAD data and theoretical principles in the numeration and the Inclusiveness Condition. The study also highlights the nuanced distinction between sluicing and pseudosluicing in terms of their syntactic behavior, licensing conditions, and pragmatic effects (i.e., epistemic bias and presupposition). Two of the most important findings in this paper are that MAD’s pseudosluicing is a result of movement (and not base generation) and the pragmatics-syntax interface in the understanding of question formation. These findings contribute to the distinctive characteristics of Arabic dialects, as they have mechanisms that differ from those of Standard Arabic. The findings also reveal the importance of including pragmatics in formal analyses to achieve a better understanding of sentences in natural languages.
Keywords: Sluicing; Pseudosluicing; Wh-Movement; Moroccan Arabic Dialect; TP-Deletion
Kajian ini meneliti sluicing (pengguguran klausa dalam ayat tanya) sebagai suatu bentuk elipsis dalam pembentukan soalan berunsur-wh (wh-elements). Analisis kajian ini berasaskan penilaian penutur jati dan data introspektif daripada Dialek Arab Maghribi (Moroccan Arabic Dialect – MAD). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa semua unsur wh dalam MAD, termasuk subjek, objek, adverba, dan bentuk kompleks, boleh mengalami sluicing, yang dalam sesetengah keadaan disertai oleh kata ganti kopula. Kajian ini membahagikan sluicing dalam MAD kepada tiga kategori utama: sluicing cantuman (isomorphic merger), sluicing percambahan (non-isomorphic sprouting), dan sluicing kontras (contrast sluices). Setiap kategori mempunyai syarat sintaksis, semantik, dan pragmatik tersendiri yang mengawal pembentukannya. Kajian ini turut meneroka ciri-ciri utama sluicing dalam MAD, termasuk kesan keterhubungan (connectivity effects), ketidakpekaan terhadap island constraints (island insensitivity), dan Generalisasi Pemencilan Kata Sendi (Preposition Stranding Generalization – PSG). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa walaupun kesan keterhubungan dan kepekaan gender memperlihatkan kesepadanan bentuk antara sluice dengan antesedennya, hanya kekangan terhadap adverba wh yang disertai kata ganti kopula memberikan bukti kukuh tentang kewujudan pergerakan wh berluang (gap wh-movement). Selain itu, kajian ini menilai secara kritis dua pendekatan analisis utama, iaitu penyalinan LF (LF-copying) dan pemadaman TP (TP-deletion). Pendekatan pemadaman TP didapati lebih unggul kerana lebih selaras dengan data MAD serta prinsip teori yang melibatkan numerasi (numeration) dan Syarat Keterangkuman (Inclusiveness Condition). Kajian ini juga memperincikan perbezaan antara sluicing dengan pseudosluicing dari segi tingkah laku sintaksis, syarat pembentukan, dan kesan pragmatik, khususnya kecenderungan epistemik (epistemic bias) dan presuposisi (presupposition). Dua dapatan utama kajian ini membuktikan bahawa pseudosluicing dalam MAD terhasil melalui operasi pergerakan, bukannya penjanaan asas (base generation), dan bahawa interaksi antara aspek pragmatik dengan sintaksis memainkan peranan penting dalam menjelaskan pembentukan ayat tanya. Secara keseluruhannya, dapatan ini menyumbang kepada pemahaman tentang ciri tersendiri dialek Arab yang mempunyai mekanisme berbeza daripada bahasa Arab Standard, di samping menegaskan kepentingan menyepadukan aspek pragmatik ke dalam analisis formal bagi memahami struktur ayat dalam bahasa semula jadi secara lebih tuntas.
Kata Kunci: Sluicing, pseudosluicing; Dialek Arab Maghribi (MAD); elipsis, kata tanya, unsur wh; sintaksis formal
Keywords
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https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol17/iss1/24/
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/gema-2026-2603-14
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