The Narrative Construction of Ecological Identity in Selected Papuan Folktales: Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Bird Agency
Abstract
Bird narratives in Papuan indigenous folklore have received scholarly attention as repositories of ecological knowledge and as representations of relationships among humans, nonhuman beings, and the natural environment. However, previous studies have tended to examine Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and animal agency separately, leaving a limited understanding of how these perspectives intersect in the narrative articulation of ecological identity. This study examines how ecological identity is narratively articulated through the interaction between TEK and bird agency in five selected Papuan folktales. Employing an interpretive qualitative design and theory-driven textual analysis, the study analyses narrative episodes involving birds, humans, other nonhuman beings, and landscapes. The findings show that birds are more than just keepers of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), which includes ecological observations, customs, social structures, and Indigenous worldviews. They also act as nonhuman agents that protect people, shape relationships between species and within communities, support conservation values, and help maintain species continuity in these stories. These interconnected functions articulate a relational and normative form of ecological identity grounded in reciprocity among birds, humans, landscapes, and ancestral memory. The study contributes to the environmental humanities by integrating TEK and bird agency as complementary analytical perspectives to understand how ecological values, responsibilities, and human-nonhuman relationships are represented and transmitted through Papuan folklore
Keywords: Traditional Ecological Knowledge; animal agency; Papuan folklore; ecological identity; Indigenous ecological knowledge
Naratif burung dalam cerita rakyat pribumi Papua telah mendapat perhatian ilmiah sebagai tempat penyimpanan pengetahuan ekologi dan sebagai representasi hubungan antara manusia, bukan manusia, dan alam semula jadi. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian terdahulu cenderung mengkaji Pengetahuan Ekologi Tradisional (TEK) dan agensi haiwan secara berasingan, meninggalkan pemahaman terhad tentang bagaimana perspektif ini bersilang dalam artikulasi naratif identiti ekologi. Kajian ini mengkaji bagaimana identiti ekologi diartikulasikan secara naratif melalui interaksi antara TEK dan agensi burung dalam lima cerita rakyat Papua terpilih. Dengan menggunakan reka bentuk kualitatif interpretatif dan analisis teks berasaskan teori, kajian ini menganalisis episod naratif yang melibatkan burung, manusia, makhluk bukan manusia lain, dan landskap. Penemuan menunjukkan bahawa burung lebih daripada sekadar penjaga Pengetahuan Ekologi Tradisional (TEK), yang merangkumi pemerhatian ekologi, adat, struktur sosial, dan pandangan dunia Orang Asli. Mereka juga bertindak sebagai agen bukan manusia yang melindungi manusia, membentuk hubungan antara spesies dan dalam komuniti, menyokong nilai pemuliharaan, dan membantu mengekalkan kesinambungan spesies dalam cerita-cerita ini. Fungsi-fungsi yang saling berkait ini mengartikulasikan bentuk identiti ekologi yang bersifat relasional dan normatif yang berasaskan timbal balik antara burung, manusia, landskap, dan ingatan nenek moyang. Kajian ini menyumbang kepada kemanusiaan alam sekitar dengan mengintegrasikan TEK dan agensi burung sebagai perspektif analitik yang saling melengkapi untuk memahami bagaimana nilai ekologi, tanggungjawab, dan hubungan manusia-bukan manusia diwakili dan disampaikan melalui cerita rakyat Papua
Kata Kunci: Pengetahuan Ekologi Tradisional; gensi haiwan; Cerita rakyat Papua; identiti ekologi; Pengetahuan ekologi Orang Asli
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Arianto, T., & Simanjuntak, D. S. (2020). Representation of ecocriticism in the folklore of the Mak Ungkai spirit. Studies in English Language and Education, 7(2), 576–591. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v7i2.16822
Awuah-Nyamekye, S. (2014). Indigenous ways of creating environmental awareness: A case study from Berekum Traditional Area, Ghana. Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture, 8(1), 46–63. https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.v8i1.46
Berkes, F. (2012). Sacred ecology (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203123843
Bhattacherjee, M., & Sinha, S. (2023). Sustainability lessons in traditional Bengali proverbs. Ecocycles, 9(3), 78–89. https://doi.org/10.19040/ecocycles.v9i3.352
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
Bredal-Tomren, T. S. (2026). Sámi cosmology, spirituality, and practices as a resource for sustainability teaching: An ecocritical case study from Norway. Intercultural Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2025.2542610
Budhiana, R., Hamidi, A., Hernowo, J. B., & Setiawan, Y. (2025). Environmental factors influencing lek site selection in the red bird of paradise (Paradisaea rubra) in Raja Ampat, Southwest Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 26(10), 5277–5286. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d261041
Buell, L., Heise, U. K., & Thornber, K. (2011). Literature and environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 36, 417–440. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-111109-144855
Demetou, Anetha Yulia. 2014. Damuai dan Bayei, Si Rajawali. Dalam Widodo, Supriyanto (Ed.) Kumpulan Cerita Rakyat Papua (Pemenang Sayembara) (Hlm. 115–120).. Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Balai Bahasa Provinsi Papua.
Eze, A. (2026). Animism and the transmission of ecological knowledge in African children’s books: A close look at Ken Wilson-Max’s Eco Girl and Helvi Itenge’s Nekwa and the Baobab Tree. Journal of the African Literature Association, 20(1), 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/21674736.2026.2612830
Garrard, G. (2012). Ecocriticism (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Ivanova, T., Ganeva-Raicheva, V., Bosseva, Y., & Dimitrova, D. (2021). Singing the nature: Ethnobotanical knowledge in Bulgarian folk songs. Botanical Sciences, 99(2), 321–341. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2672
Iyai, D. A., Runtuboi, Y. Y., Pattikawa, V. A., Haryati, S. F., Prianka, A., Prasetya, R., Sagrim, M., Arief, F. A., Runtuboi, F. R., Riskayanti, A., D., Dami, J. C., & Pakage, S. (2026). Community beliefs on animal signaling: Evidence from West Papuan tribal groups. BIOTROPIA, 33(1). https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2026.33.1.2405
Ivașcu, C., & Biró, A. (2020). Coexistence through the ages: The role of native livestock guardian dogs and traditional ecological knowledge as key resources in conflict mitigation between pastoralists and large carnivores in the Romanian Carpathians. Journal of Ethnobiology, 40(4), 465–482. https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-40.4.465
Khosravi, G. D., Vengadasamy, R., & Raihanah, M. M. (2017). Ecoethical Significance of Wilderness in Pablo Neruda’s Selected Poems. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 17(3), 55–69. https://doi.org/10.17576/gema-2017-1703-04
Kristin, N. K. G., Markus, D. P., & Tuasikal, H. (2025). Legal Protection of Customary Forests of the Awyu Tribe in South Papua From a National and International Law Perspective. Journal Ius Constituendum. https://doi.org/10.26623/jic.v10i2.12042
Maliao, R. J., Cahilig, R. C., Cahilig, R. R., & Jaspe, B. T. (2023). Climate change, traditional ecological knowledge, and riverine biodiversity conservation: A case in Aklan, Central Philippines. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 27(2), 4745–4767. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04096-x
Marbun, R. (2018). Burung Nuri Jandurau. Dalam I. S. Lefaan (Ed.), Kumpulan Cerita Rakyat Papua Barat (hlm. 79–86). Lembaga Penjaminan Mutu Pendidikan Papua Barat.
Mu, Y., & Ma, D. (2024). Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of the Arctic Cultural Circle in three ethnographic works from China, Russia, and Canada. Humanities, 13(6), Article 155. https://doi.org/10.3390/h13060155
Nofrahadi, A., Suyitno, & Wardani, N. E. (2022). Representation of functions of natural environment settings in the Kaba Minangkabau: An ecocritical study. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 22(4), 214–231. https://doi.org/10.17576/gema-2022-2204-12
Permana, S., Iskandar, J., Parikesit, Husodo, T., Megantara, E. N., & Partasasmita, R. (2019). Changes of ecological wisdom of Sundanese people on conservation of wild animals: A case study in Upper Cisokan Watershed, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 20(5), 1284–1293. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200506
Permana, S., Partasasmita, R., Iskandar, J., Rohmatullayaly, E. N., Iskandar, B. S., & Malone, N. (2020). Traditional conservation and human-primate conflict in Ujungjaya Village community, Ujung Kulon, Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(2), 521–529. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210213
Pierotti, R. (2020). Learning about extraordinary beings: Native stories and real birds. Ethnobiology Letters, 11(2), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.14237/ebl.11.2.2020.1640
Pratiwi, Pupu Puji. 2017. Kisah Burung Purba dan Si Ular Naga. Dalam Toha Machsum (Ed.) Kumpulan Cerita Rakyat Papua (Pemenang Sayembara) (Hlm. 245–258).. Balai Bahasa Papua: Jayapura.
Rado, R. H., Purwanda, S., Sumarsono, A., Wayangkau, I., Betaubun, R. M. N., & T., E. A. (2026). PROTECTION OF ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE ON THE INDIGENOUS FORESTS OF THE YEI TRIBE FROM EXPLOITATION. Veredas do Direito. https://doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v23.5284
Rahman, H., Purwanto, W. E., Annisa, Z. N., & Rakhmadiena, N. K. (2022). Representasi pendidikan karakter berbasis lingkungan pada cerita rakyat Papua. Lingua Rima: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, 11(2), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.31000/lgrm.v11i2.6622
Stanton, Robert. 1965. An Introduction to Fiction. United States of America: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.
Russell, R., Guerry, A. D., Balvanera, P., Gould, R. K., Basurto, X., Chan, K. M. A., Klain, S., Levine, J., Tam, J., & Woodside, U. (2013). Humans and nature: How knowing and experiencing nature affect well-being. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 38, 473–502. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012312-110838
Sachar, S. (2025). Cultural Narratives in Environmental Activism. Idosr Journal Of Communication And English. https://doi.org/10.59298/idosr/jce/101.814.20250000
Saldaña, J. (2021). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (4th ed.). SAGE.
Samosir, I. L. (2018). Mama dan Anak Menjelma Jadi Burung. In I. L. Samosir (Ed.), Kumpulan cerita rakyat Papua Barat (hal 45-52). Lembaga Penjaminan Mutu Pendidikan Papua Barat.
Sandha, H. S., Khare, P., & Sharma, P. (2024). Integrating traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) with environmental education in India. In Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Sustainable Development (pp. 189–205). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-2577-3.ch012
Sukmawan, S. (2016). Ekokritik sastra: Menanggap sasmita Arcadia. Universitas Brawijaya Press.
Susanto, D., & Numata, S. (2023). Traditional ecological knowledge of the Tengger Tribe and its influencing factors in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 29(3), 254–264. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.29.3.254
Titaley, O. (2018). Edesa Oufa dan Burung Cenderawasih. Dalam I. S. Lefaan (Ed.), Kumpulan Cerita Rakyat Papua Barat (hlm. 1–8). Lembaga Penjaminan Mutu Pendidikan Papua Barat.
Turvey, S. T., Bryant, J. V., & McClune, K. A. (2018). Differential loss of components of traditional ecological knowledge following a primate extinction event. Royal Society Open Science, 5(6), Article 172352. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172352
Ulicsni, V., Babai, D., Juhász, E., Molnár, Z., & Biró, M. (2020). Local knowledge about a newly reintroduced, rapidly spreading species (Eurasian beaver) and perception of its impact on ecosystem services. PLOS ONE, 15(5), e0233506. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233506
Virtanen, P. K., Apurinã, F., & Facundes, S. (2021). Amazonian worlds of other-than-human beings and the Apurinã through the materiality of oral stories. Multilingua, 40(4), 565–582. https://doi.org/10.1515/multi-2020-0078
Warmetan, H., Mulyani, Y. A., Mardiastuti, A., & Rushayati, S. B. (2025). Bird community across six successional habitat stages in Manokwari, Papua. Media Konservasi, 30(2), 322–333. https://doi.org/10.29244/medkon.30.2.322
Yektiningtyas, W., & Dewi, N. (2023). “The sun is watching”: Unraveling the Sentani people’s ecological knowledge through folklore. Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies, 23(3), 656–666. https://doi.org/10.14456/hasss.2023.55
Zhang, L., Guan, Z., Fei, H., Turvey, S. T., & Fan, P. (2020). Influence of traditional ecological knowledge on conservation of the Skywalker hoolock gibbon (Hoolock tianxing) outside nature reserves. Biological Conservation, 241, Article 108267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108267
Zapf, H. (2016). Literature as cultural ecology: Sustainable texts. Bloomsbury Academic.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/gema-2026-2603-12
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
eISSN : 2550-2131
ISSN : 1675-8021