Pemilihan Bahasa Komuniti Penan Muslim di Sarawak (The Language Choices of the Muslim Penan Community in Sarawak)
Abstract
Suku Penan di Sarawak lazimnya dianggap sebagai suku nomadik yang tidak beragama, berkehidupan daif dan tinggal di pedalaman. Pada hakikatnya, tanggapan ini tidak sesuai lagi kerana kajian kontemporari menunjukkan bahawa mereka juga tersebar di persisir pantai, terutamanya di lembah Niah, Suai dan Kemena. Kajian ini berfokus kepada suku Penan di Kampung Jambatan Suai, Sungai Suai. Kampung ini dihuni oleh orang Penan yang berbeza agama, iaitu beragama Katolik dan Islam. Kelompok Penan ini memperlihatkan menuturkan bahasa ibunda berdasarkan agama, iaitu suku Penan Muslim berbahasa Bintulu manakala suku Penan asli masih berbahasa Penan, selain fasih berbahasa Iban dan dialek Melayu Sarawak. Kehadiran empat bahasa di kampung Penan ini telah membentuk suatu lingkungan sosiolinguistik yang kompleks. Makalah ini bertujuan merungkaikan pemilihan bahasa dalam situasi multilingual yang rencam ini. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah pemerhatian ikutserta dan wawancara untuk mengumpulkan data. Peneliti telah berada di lapangan selama sebulan untuk bersuai kenal, bergaul dan terlibat dalam aktiviti harian mereka. Kajian ini memilih pendekatan Fishman (1971) tentang pemilihan bahasa mengikut domain sebagai kerangka kajian. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa domain menentukan pemilihan bahasa suku Penan Muslim. Mereka memilih bahasa Bintulu sebagai lambang identiti agama Islam; tetapi menggunakan bahasa Iban dalam hal interaksi interetnik dan intraetnik; dan, secara bersilih ganti menggunakan bahasa Penan. Kajian ini memberi implikasi tersendiri khususnya kepada kosa ilmu suku pribumi Borneo Barat yang bertukar agama Islam iaitu mengubah persepsi umum bahawa “memeluk agama Islam sinonim dengan memilih bahasa Melayu”. Dalam kes Penan Muslim, mereka sebaliknya memilih “bahasa Muslim” lain dan bukannya bahasa Melayu.
Kata kunci: Penan Muslim; Bahasa Bintulu; Bahasa Penan; Domain
ABSTRACT
The Penan ethnic group who resides in Sarawak has frequently been stereotyped as a nomadic, pagan and poor tribe of the interior. However, based on recent research many ethnic Penans live throughout the coastal area, in particular in the Niah, Suai and Kemena river valleys. This paper focuses on the Catholic and Muslim Penans in Suai Jambatan village. These two communities of ethnic Penans each with an allegiance to a different language and a different religion, i.e. the Penan Muslim speak Bintulu language meanwhile the Chatolic or Pagan Penans still maintained Penan as their mother tongue. The existence and manipulation of four languages in this village presents a complex sociolinguistic environment. This paper aims to describe the language choices they make in this complicated multilingual setting. The data were collected by using the participation observation and face to face interview method based on Fishman's approach (1971). The researcher of this study has stayed a month in the field to collect the data. He involved in the villager’s daily activities and observed their language choices. This study has determined that domains plays important roles in language selections. For example, they choose the language associated with their Muslim identity, i.e. the Bintulu language; while the Penan and Iban language remains the alternative language for daily communication. The implication of this study is it has reappraised the concept of Malay language selection and Islam convertion. In this case, the Penan Muslim tend to choose other “Moslem language” rather than Malay language.
Keywords: The Muslim Penan; Bintulu Language; Penan Language; Domain
Keywords
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/gema-2018-1804-05
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