Pilihan Bahasa dalam Kalangan Etnik Minoriti Kedayan di Bekenu, Sarawak: Satu Penelitian Awal (Language Choices among the Kedayan Ethnic Minority in Bekenu, Sarawak: A Preliminary Study)
Abstract
Komuniti Kedayan di Bekenu, Sibuti merupakan salah satu etnik minoriti di bahagian utara negeri Sarawak. Dalam beberapa kajian lepas, banyak bahasa etnik minoriti di Sarawak dilaporkan berdepan dengan isu keterancaman bahasa akibat arus pemodenan. Makalah ini melaporkan hasil kajian pilihan bahasa yang dilakukan ke atas kaum Kedayan di Bekenu, bagi menentukan daya tahan bahasa Kedayan kesan dari pengembangan penggunaan bahasa Melayu, dialek Melayu Sarawak dan bahasa Iban yang lebih dominan di Sarawak. Kajian ini mengaplikasikan kerangka domain dan pilihan bahasa yang diperkenalkan oleh Fishman (1972). Lima domain pilihan bahasa telah diberikan perhatian dalam kajian ini, iaitu domain keluarga, persahabatan, agama, pendidikan dan pekerjaan. Data kuantitatif diperoleh melalui tinjauan soal selidik dan temu bual bersemuka, manakala data kualitatif diperolehi melalui pemerhatian. Seramai sembilan puluh orang informan, yang dibahagikan mengikut kategori usia telah dipilih berdasarkan kaedah persampelan kuota. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa bahasa Kedayan masih berdaya tahan, walaupun berdepan dengan persaingan daripada dialek Melayu Sarawak dan bahasa Iban. Bahasa Kedayan telah dijadikan sebagai bahasa default atau bahasa mutlak ketika berinteraksi dalam domain-domain yang diteliti. Walaupun kini dialek Melayu Sarawak dan bahasa Iban kerap digunakan dalam komuniti Kedayan, namun daya tahan bahasa Kedayan tetap utuh dan berada pada tahap yang selamat jika dibandingkan dengan bahasa minoriti lain di Sarawak.
Kata Kunci: pilihan bahasa; domain; Kedayan; etnik minoriti; daya tahan bahasa
ABSTRACT
Kedayan is one of the minority ethnic groups in Bekenu, Sibuti, situated on the northern part of Sarawak. In previous studies, it was reported that most of the minority languages in Sarawak are facing language endangerment due to modernisation. This study investigates and reports on the language choices among the Kedayan community in Bekenu in order to determine the resilience of this language due to the wide usage of the Malay language, Sarawak Malay dialect and Iban language in Sarawak. This study utilizes Fishman’s (1972) domain and language choice framework to study these issues. Five domains have been selected in this study, namely family, friendship, religion, education and employment domains. The quantitative data was obtained through questionnaire surveys and face to face interviews, whereas the qualitative data was secured through observations. A total of ninety informans from three different ages group were selected based on quota sampling method. This study found that the Kedayan language is resilient although it receives pressure from Sarawak Malay dialect and Iban language. The Kedayan language is the main language of interaction in all domains as well as the default language of the Kedayans. Although the Sarawak Malay dialect and Iban language are used regularly by the Kedayans, the Kedayan language is able to sustain its status and is considered at a ‘safe’ level compared to other minoritiy languages in Sarawak.
Keywords: Language choice; domain; Kedayan; ethnic minority; language sustainability
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/gema-2021-2102-09
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