Komunikasi Organisasi dan Reformasi Sistem Saraan: Pengaruh SSPA terhadap Produktiviti, Keadilan Institusi dan Motivasi Perkhidmatan Awam
Abstract
Artikel ini menilai keberkesanan awal pelaksanaan Sistem Saraan Perkhidmatan Awam (SSPA) yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 2024 melalui kajian kes di Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Dari perspektif komunikasi organisasi, reformasi saraan turut dilihat sebagai suatu proses komunikasi perubahan yang mempengaruhi persepsi, penerimaan dan kepercayaan anggota organisasi terhadap dasar yang diperkenalkan. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan kaedah persampelan bertujuan yang melibatkan 383 responden. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa SSPA mempunyai hubungan positif yang signifikan tetapi sederhana terhadap produktiviti, dengan hanya 24.5% variasi produktiviti dapat dijelaskan oleh reformasi saraan tersebut. Ini menyarankan bahawa kenaikan gaji bukanlah faktor dominan dalam meningkatkan prestasi, sebaliknya berfungsi sebagai pemangkin tambahan dalam ekosistem organisasi yang lebih kompleks. Sebaliknya, pengaruh SSPA terhadap faktor institusi seperti persepsi keadilan sistem upah dan keberkesanan komunikasi adalah sangat kuat, dengan nilai penjelasan mencecah 58.6%. Hal ini memberi indikasi bahawa kekuatan utama SSPA terletak pada keupayaannya memperkukuh kepercayaan terhadap institusi, bukan sekadar peningkatan imbuhan. Dari sudut psikologi, pengaruh SSPA terhadap PSM adalah lemah, menandakan bahawa motivasi intrinsik penjawat awam tidak banyak dipengaruhi oleh ganjaran material. Analisis lanjut mendapati bahawa dimensi PSM yang bersifat normatif dan kognitif - seperti komitmen kepada kepentingan awam dan kefahaman terhadap dasar - lebih mempengaruhi penerimaan SSPA berbanding dimensi emosi seperti belas ihsan. Secara keseluruhan, kajian ini menegaskan bahawa keberkesanan reformasi saraan tidak boleh bergantung kepada logik ekonomi semata-mata, sebaliknya memerlukan integrasi ganjaran material, keadilan institusi dan komunikasi organisasi. Implikasi kajian menunjukkan bahawa komunikasi dasar yang berkesan berperanan penting dalam membentuk persepsi, kepercayaan dan penerimaan terhadap reformasi saraan sektor awam.
Kata kunci: Sistem Saraan Perkhidmatan Awam, Teori Upah Kecekapan, Motivasi Perkhidmatan Awam, komunikasi organisasi, produktiviti perkhidmatan awam.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdul Razak Idris. (2021, November 26). Ketua jabatan wajib pantau staf curi tulang. Utusan Malaysia. https://www.utusan.com.my/berita/2021/11/ketua-jabatan-wajib-pantau-staf-curi-tulang/
Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid. (1995). Isu-isu dan masalah pelaksanaan Sistem Baru Penilaian Prestasi: Arah-arah strategik perkhidmatan awam Malaysia. INTAN.
Akerlof, G. A., & Yellen, J. L. (1986). Efficiency wage models of the labor market. Cambridge University Press.
Andersen, S. C. (2024). Does work quality differ between the public and private sector? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 34(1), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpart/muad015
Azrain Nasyrah Mustapa, & Rosli Mahmood. (2013, December 11). The effects of Public Service Motivation on job performance: Myth or reality? [Paper presentation]. Conference on Business Management Research, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok.
Baker, G., Gibbs, M., & Holmstrom, B. (1994). The internal economics of the firm: Evidence from personnel data. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(4), 881–919. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118350
Bao, Y. (2024). Public service motivation helps: Understanding the relationship between perceived overqualification and turnover intentions. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 83(2), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12588
Bellé, N. (2013). Experimental evidence on the relationship between public service motivation and job performance. Public Administration Review, 73(1), 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02621.x
Bewley, T. F. (1999). Why wages don’t fall during a recession. Harvard University Press.
Bozeman, B., & Su, X. (2014). Public service motivation concepts and theory: A critique. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 700–710. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12248
Campbell, C. M., & Kamlani, K. S. (1997). The reasons for wage rigidity: Evidence from a survey of firms. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(3), 759–789.
Chin, M., Syed Khalid Wafa, S. A. W., & Ali Hassan, R. (2018). Sistem kenaikan pangkat dan kepuasan kerja: Satu kajian kes ke atas perkhidmatan awam persekutuan di Malaysia. Sains Humanika, 10(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.11113/sh.v10n1.1132
Crewson, P. E. (1997). Public-service motivation: Building empirical evidence of incidence and effect. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 7(4), 499–518. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024363
Ehrenberg, R. G., & Smith, R. S. (2017). Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy (13th ed.). Routledge.
Gneezy, U., & List, J. A. (2006). Putting behavioral economics to work: Testing for gift exchange in labor markets using field experiments. Econometrica, 74(5), 1365–1384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00707.x
Grimshaw, D., Rubery, J., Marino, S., & DG Employment European Commission. (2012). Public sector pay and procurement in Europe during the crisis: The challenges facing local government and the prospects for segmentation, inequalities and social dialogue. European Commission.
Houston, D. J. (2000). Public-service motivation: A multivariate test. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10(4), 713–727. https://doi.org/gjjft4
Jabatan Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysia. (1993). Pekeliling Perkhidmatan Bilangan 10 Tahun 1991: Pelaksanaan Sistem Saraan Baru Berdasarkan Laporan Jawatankuasa Khas Kabinet Mengenai Gaji Sektor Awam 1991 bagi Pasukan Polis Di Raja Malaysia (Pekeliling Perkhidmatan Bil. 10/1991).
https://docs.jpa.gov.my/docs/pp/1991/pp101991.pdf
Jabatan Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysia. (2002). Pekeliling Perkhidmatan Bilangan 4 Tahun 2002: Pelaksanaan Sistem Saraan Malaysia bagi Anggota Perkhidmatan Persekutuan (Pekeliling Perkhidmatan Bil. 4/2002). https://docs.jpa.gov.my/docs/pp/2002/pp042002.pdf
Katz, L. F. (1986). Efficiency wage theories: A partial evaluation. In S. Fischer (Ed.), NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1986 (pp. 235–276). MIT Press.
Lazear, E. P. (1981). Agency, earnings profiles, productivity, and hours restrictions. American Economic Review, 71(4), 606–620.
Leisink, P., & Steijn, B. (2009). Public service motivation and job performance of public sector employees in the Netherlands. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 75(1), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852308099505
Levine, D. I. (1992). Can wage increases pay for themselves? Tests with a production function. Economic Journal, 102(414), 1102–1115. https://doi.org/10.2307/2234380
Linda Hii, & Rusli Ahmad. (2015). Rater competency in conducting performance appraisal in the Malaysian public sector. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2015.V5.424
Mahazril ‘Aini, Y., Zuraini, Y., Hafizah, H. A. K., Adnan Aminuddin, A., Zaherawati Zakaria, Z., Nazni Noordin, N., & Badrul Azmier Mohamed, B. A. (2012). Work motivation among Malaysian public servants. Asian Social Science, 8(12), 238–242. https://doi.org/rc3g
Miao, Q., Eva, N., Newman, A., & Schwarz, G. (2018). Public service motivation and performance: The role of organizational identification. Public Money & Management, 39(2), 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2018.1556004
Miller, K., & Barbour, J. B. (2015). Organizational communication: Approaches and processes (7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Moynihan, D. P., & Pandey, S. K. (2007). The role of organizations in fostering public service motivation. Public Administration Review, 67(1), 40–53. https://doi.org/d49z32
Muhamad Ali Embi. (2001). Isu pelaksanaan sistem saraan berasaskan prestasi: Sistem saraan baru di Malaysia. Jurnal Pembangunan Sosial, 3, 87–99.
Muhammad Najmi Zulkefle. (2024, May 6). Penjawat awam malas, cuai, amal rasuah tidak dapat kenaikan gaji – PM Anwar. Malaysia Tribune. https://malaysiatribune.news/berita-semasa/pm-x/penjawat-awam-malas-cuai-amal-rasuah-tidak-dapat-kenaikan-gaji-pm-anwar/
Mulyawan, B., & Embi, M. A. (2022). Analisis public service motivation dan korelasinya dengan konsep altruisme. JAID: Journal of Administration and International Development, 2(1), 40–55. https://doi.org/10.52617/jaid.v2i1.446
Normala, M. A., Rabi’ah, A., & Norhaslinda, J. (2023, September 25). The case for reviewing Malaysian civil servants’ salary. Stratsea. https://stratsea.com/the-case-for-reviewing-malaysian-civil-servants-salary/
Norsyamimi Nordin, & Mohammad Mujaheed Hassan. (2019). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi komitmen prestasi kerja dalam kalangan penjawat awam: Kajian rintis di Jabatan Kemajuan Masyarakat, Negeri Pulau Pinang. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 4(7), 11–20. https://doi.org/rc3h
Nur Farihah Mohd Fadullah Sahimi. (2023, Jun 14). 'Ngeteh', hilang waktu kerja jejas imej agensi awam. Berita Harian. https://www.bharian.com.my/rencana/komentar/2023/06/1114218/ngeteh-hilang-waktu-kerja-jejas-imej-agensi-awam
OECD. (2024). Salary systems in public administration and their reforms. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/g2g3829a-en
Perry, J. L. (1996). Measuring public service motivation: An assessment of construct reliability and validity. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 6(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024303
Perry, J. L., & Wise, L. R. (1990). The motivational bases of public service. Public Administration Review, 50(3), 367–373. https://doi.org/10.2307/976618
Portal Jabatan Perkhidmatan Awam. (2025). Latar belakang SSPA. Portal Sistem Saraan Perkhidmatan Awam. https://sspa.jpa.gov.my/index.php/info/sspa-bg
Ripoll, G. (2025). Rethinking public service motivation through social identity. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 8(2), 61–75. https://doi.org/rc3j
Ruzita Jusoh, Rudy Hartono, & Haslida Abu Hassan. (2011). Performance measurement in Malaysian public sectors: An exploratory study. PN Journal, 1(1), 87–120.
Schott, C., Neumann, O., Baertschi, M., & Ritz, A. (2019). Public service motivation, prosocial motivation and altruism: Towards disentanglement and conceptual clarity. International Journal of Public Administration, 42(14), 1200–1211. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2019.1588302
Shapiro, C., & Stiglitz, J. E. (1984). Equilibrium unemployment as a worker discipline device. American Economic Review, 74(3), 433–444.
Sharifuzah Osman, & Nor Azizah Zainal Abidin. (2010). Hubungan public service motivation (PSM) dengan komitmen kakitangan awam: Kajian ke atas badan berkanun di Negeri Kedah. Proceedings of the International Conference on Governance and Strategic Management (ICGSM 2010), Universiti Utara Malaysia, 112–125.
Shuhardi, T. R., Arba’iyah, M. N., Mardiana, N., & Puteh, N. (2023). Dasar saraan Malaysia: Kesinambungan dan perubahan dalam tempoh 25 tahun (1976–2002). SEJARAH: Journal of the Department of History, 32(2), 205–227. https://doi.org/rc3k
Siti Haliza Yusop. (2022, Januari 19). Gaji 800,000 penjawat awam lebih rendah daripada PGK. Berita Harian. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2022/01/913277/gaji-800000-penjawat-awam-lebih-rendah-daripada-pgk
Taylor, J., & Taylor, R. (2011). Working hard for more money or working hard to make a difference? Efficiency wages, public service motivation, and effort. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 31(1), 67–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X10394401
Teh Pei Shan. (2018). Pengaruh motivasi dan kepuasan kerja penjawat awam di Majlis Bandaraya Alor Setar (MBAS) (Tesis PhD, Universiti Utara Malaysia). Repositori Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Van der Wal, Z. (2015). All quiet on the non-Western front? A systematic review of public service motivation scholarship in non-Western contexts. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 37(2), 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2015.1073261
Van Triest, S. (2024). Incentives and effort in the public and private sector. Public Administration Review, 84(2), 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13721
Weick, K., Sutcliffe, K. M., & Obstfeld, D. (2005). Organizing and the process of sensemaking. Organization Science, 16(4), 409–421. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1050.0133
Weiss, A. (1980). Job queues and layoffs in labor markets with flexible wages. Journal of Political Economy, 88(3), 526–538. https://doi.org/10.1086/260884
Woo, H., & Kim, S. (2024). Public service motivation and public sector employment in Korea. Public Administration Review, 84(5), 966–981. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13812
Yen Ping, K., Kiat Sing, H., & Jee Wee Lau, C. (2022). The impacts of remuneration on employee retention and job satisfaction among private higher education institutions’ lecturers. International Journal of Scholarly Social Sciences Management, 7(2), 193–221. https://doi.org/10.24191/ijsms.v7i2.19953
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
e-ISSN: 2289-1528