Dari Sekolah Inggeris ke Universiti: Peluang dan Kemudahan Pendidikan Tinggi di Tanah Melayu, 1905-1948 (From English Schools to University: Opportunities and Facilities for Higher Education in Malaya, 1905–1948)
Abstract
This article examines the development of colonial higher education in Malaya within the context of early initiatives to establish the University of Malaya, as well as the opportunities available for local students to pursue further studies at other institutions within the British Empire. King Edward VII College and Raffles College were frequently regarded as prestigious institutions of higher learning in Malaya. However, the evaluation conducted by the Malayan Higher Education Commission in the late 1930s revealed that both institutions had made only a limited contribution to the advancement of local society. In the field of medicine, nevertheless, King Edward VII College enjoyed a higher reputation than Raffles College. This educational issue became one of the driving factors that led the Colonial Office to initiate efforts to establish a university in Malaya and to encourage enrolment in other universities within the British Empire. This initiative marked a significant turning point in the evolution of colonial educational policy to a broader ambition of cultivating a professional class. To explore this formative phase in the history of higher education, the study draws upon records of the Malayan Higher Education Commission held at the Public Record Office in London. Additionally, colonial administrative records from the CO 576, CO 273, and CO 276 series are examined to investigate the facilities for colonial higher education made available in Malaya The findings indicate that access to higher education at colonial institutions, both within Malaya and overseas, remained limited for the local population, especially among the Malays.. Although the establishment of the University of Malaya represented a major milestone, the higher education system and policy of the period continued to be modelled closely on British educational traditions.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
/1910. Re’Butter Wise Scholarship Fund “Surat daripada Secretariat Taiping Perak 8 March 1910 kepada Residen Perak”.
Abu Hanifah & Roslina Abd Ghani. 2021. “Perkembangan Pendidikan Tinggi di Tanah Melayu 1905-1957.” Malaysia dari Segi Sejarah 49: 120-140.
Ahmad Jafri & Mohd Samsudin. 2019. “Perkembangan Sistem Pentadbiran Persekutuan di Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu.” E-Bangi Journal Of Social Sciences and Humanities 16(9): 133-155.
Allan, J.De Verre. 1970. “Malayan Civil Service 1874-1941: Colonial Bureaucracy / Malayan Elite.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 12(2): 149-78.
Andaya, B.W. and Andaya, L.Y. 2017. A History of Malaysia. 3rd Ed. London. Palgrave.
Anon. 2010. Kirkby College: Malayan Teachers Training College Kirkby, Liverpool England. Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.
Card Youth Hostel Association (England & Wales). Muzium Pendidikan Nasional, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
CO 273/584. Opening of A Scheme for the Establishment of An Asian Branch Of The Civil Service Straits Settlements.
CO 273/651/9. 1939a. Higher Education in Malaya, Report of the Commission appointed by Secretary of State for the Colonies, Public Records Office, London.
CO 273/651/9. 1939b. Raffles College Commission Report (Original), Public Records Office, London.
CO 273/660/12. 1939. Higher Education in Malaya. Report of Commission, Public Records Office, London.
CO 273/667/6. 1946. Higher Education in Malaya, Public Records Office, London.
CO 576/39. Federated Malay States Annual Report Of Education Department For The Year 1929.
CO 717/160/6. 1947. Higher Education in Malaya, Public Records Office, London.
CO 717/6/62. 1920. Cost of Living in Malaya, Public Records Office, London.
DEPT/16/13. Secretariat Department Education: Sultan Idris Trainning College, Surat daripada Education Office kepada Chief Secretary Kuala Lumpur, 8th January 1946.
Education Code part IV. 1936. A List of Scholarships in the Straits Settlements together with rules for the remission of fees. Singapore: Government Printing Office.
Federation of Malaya. 1948. Report of the Select Committee to Examine and Report Upon the Detailed Constitutional Proposals of the Carr-Saunders Commission on University Education in Malaya.
Federation of Malaya. 1951. Report of the Committee on Malay Education. Kuala Lumpur: The Government Press.
FMS. 1928. Federated Malay States Annual Report For 1927. Kuala Lumpur: FMS Government Press.
FMS. 1929. Federated Malay States Annual Report For 1928. Kuala Lumpur: FMS Government Press.
FMS. 1930. Federated Malay States Annual Report For 1929. Kuala Lumpur: FMS Government Press.
FMS. 1931. Federated Malay States Annual Report For 1930. Kuala Lumpur: FMS Government Press.
FMS. 1933. Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of the Federated Malay States For 1932. Kuala Lumpur: FMS Government Press.
FMS. 1939. Annual Report on Education In The Straits Settlements and The Federated Malay States for The Year 1938.
Haris Md Jadi. 1990. Etnik, Politik dan Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
IMR. 1951. The Institute For Medical Research 1900-1950, Studies From The Institute For Medical Research Federation Of Malaya, Jubilee Volume No 25.
Khasnor Johan. 1984. The Emergence of the Modern Malay Administrative Elite. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Khasnor Johan. 2005. Malay College Kuala Kangsar 1905-2005 Leadership But What’s Next?. Times Editions-Marshall Cavendish.
Loh, Philip Fok Seng. 1975. Seeds Of Separatism: Education Policy in Malaya 1873-1940. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Malaya Tribune. 1927. “Malaya’s Policy in Education Recent and Future Developments: English Education The Essential Science Behind Mainly Owing to the Great War,” 18th August.
Malay Tribune. 1930. “School System In Malaya,” 29 December.
Malay Tribune. 1935. “Result of the Local Queen’s Scholarship First Malay to Win,” 21 December.
Malaya Tribune. 1932. “Extension of Higher Education in Malaya,” 15th December.
Malaya Tribune. 1934. “Hong Kong Varsity: Malaya and King Edward Scholarships,” 17th November.
Malaya Tribune. 1937. “The College Of Medicine,” 30 August.
Malayan Union No 538/1946. Application For Engineering Courses in Cambridge University or in the University of Toronto, No 39 Minutes of the Meeting of the Scholarships Committee to Consider Applications for Colonial Development and Welfare Fund Scholarship
MED/Phg 508/48. Higher Education United Kingdom for Candidate Proceeding to The United Kingdom.
Memo From Supt. of Education, Alor Star ; The Clifford Fund For Raffles College Singapore.
Mohd Shazwan Mokhtar, Muhammad Aslah Akmal & Suffian Mansor. 2019. Sejarah Perkembangan Majlis Raja-Raja Melayu. Prosiding Seminar 120 Tahun Majlis Raja-Raja Melayu Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Muhammad Firdaus Mohamed Yunus & Mohd Shazwan Mokhtar. 2024. “Pendidikan Tiggi dan Perkhidmatan Awam Kolonial di Malaya.” Malaysia and Internasional History Review 6(2): 75-94.
Pinang Gazette and Straits Chronicle. 1936. “Malay Administrative Service,”24 March.
Sel Sec 1643/1949. Omcremental Dates Of Che Ahmad Bin Haki Husin, Malayan Civil Service, District Officer Ulu Langat and Che Mohamed Bin Baba, Memo daripada Cheif Secretary Federal Secretariat Kuala Lumpur, Federation Of Malaya pada October 1950.
Sel Sec F 207/1932. Establishment Lists 1932, Medical and Health Department Selangor
Sel Sec General 794/1937. Scholarships to Raffles College on a Federated Malay States Basis or a State Basis, Suggests the Appointment of a Committee to Consider, Liet of Candidate Awarded Federal Scholarships 1940.
Sel: Sec G 371/1928. Discontinuance Of Students To Hong Kong University with The Opening of Raffles College; Question Submitted for Consideration of Residents.
Sel. Sec. G 1041/1932. Award Of Queen Victoria Institution Scholarship 1932
Stockwell, A.J. 1982. “The white man’s burden and brown humanity: Colonialism and ethnicity in British Malaya.” Asian Journal of Social Science 10(1): 44-68.
Sufean Hussin. 1993. Pendidikan Di Malaysia Sejarah, Sistem Dan Falsafah. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka.
Sunday Standard. 1952. “The Passing of A Great Medical Institution,” 26th October.
Tan, Yao Sua. 2013. “The British Educational Policy for the Indigenous Community in Malaya 1870-1957: Dualistic structure, colonial interest and Malay Radical Nationalism.” International Journal of Educational Development 33: 337-347.
The Educational Planning and Research Division Ministry Of Education Malaysia, Educational Statistics of Malaysia 1938-1967, Internet Archive.
The Law Of The Federated Malay States1877-1920, Enactment No 27 Of 1920 ; An Enactment To Provide For The Registration School and Of Their Manager and Teachers and For Grand-In-Aid In Certain School.
The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser. 1936. “Malayan Students In Great Britain,” 13th April.
The Straits Budget. 1913. “Anon,” 24 July.
The Straits Times. 1913. “The Role of Hong Kong,” 9th June.
The Straits Echo. 1920. “University Of Hong Kong Student’s Status At Home,” 12th May.
The Straits Echo. 1925. “Schools in The F.M.S.,” 8 April.
The Straits Times. 1925. “The Medical College,” 18th June.
The Straits Times. 1930. “Raja Sir Chulan: Congratulations on Honour of Knighthood,” 6 May.
The Straits Times. 1935. “From Remote Kampung to Cambridge: Story Of F.M.S First Malay Queen’s Scholar,” 24th December.
The Straits Times. 1935. “Training Recruits for Industry Technical Education in Malaya,” 22 November.
The Straits Times. 1954. “300 Try To Entrance To Kirkby,” 15th June.
The Straits. 1906. “Times The Kuala Kangsar Malay Residential School,” 16 August.
Ungku A. Aziz. 1975. Jejak-jejak di Pantai Zaman. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
e-ISSN: 2682-8839