Poverty Mapping and Identifying the Hard-core Poor and Poor Group using Geographical Information System (Pemetaan Kemiskinan dan Mengenal Pasti Golongan Miskin dan Kumpulan Miskin Menggunakan Sistem Maklumat Geografi)
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Poverty reduction is the main agenda of sustainable development in most developing countries. In Malaysia, problems of poverty are addressed through various strategies and programs of the New Economic Policy (1971-1990), National Development Policy (1991-1999) and the National Vision Policy (2000-2010). Currently, Malaysia implements the National Transformation Policy (NTP), in order to move towards a high-income country. Various efforts have been undertaken by the government to overcome the poverty problem with significant success. However, poverty still persist in some states, including the East Coast Economic Region (ECER) comprising of three major east coasts of Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang. This study aims to identify the characteristics of hard-core poor and poor in the state of Terengganu through poverty mapping. The study uses secondary data from the Implementation and Coordination Unit (ICU) via e-Kasih portal system consisting of 368 heads of household of the hard-core poor and 7219 poor households in Terengganu registered during the period from 2008 to August 2011. This study used ArcGIS software to map the locality of the hard-core and poor households. The result indicates that the poor are mostly concentrated poverty in Besut and Kuala Terengganu the state capital of Terengganu. Overall, unfavorable characteristics like lower education, more family members and, engage in low paying jobs provide challenges to government agencies to provides proper assistance to them. Policy implications will be discussed to improve the successful implementation of poverty alleviation programs through economic transformation to drive the country to achieve a high income nation, improve the quality of life of people and sustainable development in the state of Terengganu.
Keywords: Hard-core poor; poor; poverty analysis; poverty mapping; GIS; sustainable livelihood
ABSTRAK: Penurunan kemiskinan adalah agenda utama pembangunan mampan di negara-negara membangun. Di Malaysia, masalah kemiskinan dapat ditangani melalui pelbagai strategi dan program seperti Dasar Ekonomi Baru (1971-1990), Dasar Pembangunan Nasional (1991-1999) dan Dasar Wawasan Negara (2000-2010). Pada masa ini, Malaysia melaksanakan Dasar Transformasi Negara (NTP), dalam usaha untuk bergerak ke arah sebuah negara berpendapatan tinggi. Pelbagai usaha telah dilaksanakan oleh kerajaan untuk mengatasi masalah kemiskinan dengan kejayaan yang ketara. Walau bagaimanapun, kemiskinan masih berterusan di beberapa negeri, termasuk Wilayah Ekonomi Pantai Timur (ECER) yang terdiri daripada tiga negeri utama di pantai timur iaitu Kelantan, Terengganu dan Pahang. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti ciri-ciri miskin tegar dan miskin di negeri Terengganu melalui pemetaan kemiskinan. Kajian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari Unit Penyelarasan Pelaksanaan (ICU) melalui sistem portal e-Kasih yang terdiri daripada 368 ketua isi rumah miskin tegar dan 7219 isi rumah miskin di Terengganu didaftarkan dalam tempoh dari 2008 hingga Ogos 2011. Kajian ini menggunakan perisian ArcGIS untuk memetakan kawasan isi rumah miskin tegar dan miskin. Hasil kajian telah menunjukkan bahawa golongan miskin kebanyakannya bertumpu di Besut dan Kuala Terengganu, ibu negeri Terengganu. Secara keseluruhan, ciri-ciri yang tidak menguntungkan seperti pendidikan yang rendah, bilangan ahli keluarga yang ramai dan melibatkan diri dalam pekerjaan berpendapatan rendah memberikan cabaran kepada agensi-agensi kerajaan untuk menyediakan bantuan yang sewajarnya kepada mereka. Implikasi dasar akan dibincangkan untuk meningkatkan kejayaan pelaksanaan program pembasmian kemiskinan melalui transformasi ekonomi bagi memacu negara mencapai negara berpendapatan tinggi, meningkatkan kualiti hidup rakyat dan pembangunan mampan di negeri Terengganu.
Kata kunci: Miskin tegar; miskin; analisis kemiskinan; pemetaan kemiskinan; GIS, kehidupan mampan
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