[THE ABOLITION OF THE JANISSARY CORPS: MAHMUD II'S MILITARY REFORMS IN THE OTTOMAN MILITARY] PENGHAPUSAN KOR JANISSARI: REFORMASI KETENTERAAN MAHMUD II DALAM KETENTERAAN UTHMANIYAH]

Muhammad Zharif Baharudin, Ermy Azziaty Rozali

Abstract


Abstrak

Penghapusan Kor Janissari oleh Sultan Mahmud II pada tahun 1826 merupakan antara detik terpenting dalam sejarah ketenteraan Islam yang menandakan permulaan era baharu dalam struktur dan budaya ketenteraan Uthmaniyyah melalui peristiwa Vakayi hayriye. Kor Janissari yang dahulu menjadi simbol kekuatan tentera Uthmaniyyah akhirnya menjadi penghalang pembaharuan dan mengancam kestabilan politik kerajaan. Kebangkitan tentera moden di Eropah mendorong Sultan Mahmud II memodenkan angkatan tenteranya berinspirasikan sistem Nizam-i Cedid yang diperkenalkan oleh Sultan Selim III. Objektif utama kajian ini ialah menelusuri punca penghapusan, menilai proses perubahan dan menganalisis hasil daripada transformasi tersebut. Bagi kaedah analisis data, kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif yang meneliti secara kritis dokumen dan teks sejarah melalui lensa kritikan dalaman serta kritikan luaran yang relevan. Dapatan kajian menghujahkan bahawa Mahmud II berjaya menyemarakkan dan menyalurkan semangat Nizam-i Cedid sebagai landasan pembaharuan dalam tadbir urus ketenteraan Uthmaniyyah pada abad ke-19M. Melalui penubuhan Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammadiye serta penghapusan Janissari pada tahun 1826, Mahmud II menstrukturkan semula hierarki sosial tentera, memperkukuh kawalan fiskal, dan melakar bentuk pemerintahan baharu yang merangka kesetiaan masyarakat berlandaskan perpaduan tradisi Islam dengan tuntutan moden era tersebut. Justeru, menyingkap dimensi kompleks interaksi antara tradisi dan inovasi serta memperlihatkan bagaimana proses pembaharuan institusi dan sosial di dunia Uthmaniyyah boleh difahami sebagai refleksi perubahan politik dan ekonomi yang lebih luas dalam dunia Asia Barat dalam membentuk kerangka pemikiran kontemporari dalam kajian sejarah, geopolitik dan ekonomi serantau.

Kata Kunci: Janissari, Mahmud II, Vakayi Hayriye, Nizam-i Cedid.


Abstract

The abolition of the Janissary Corps by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826 is one of the most important moments in Islamic military history, marking the beginning of a new era in the structure and culture of the Ottoman military through the Vakayi hayriye event. The Janissary Corps, which had previously been a symbol of Ottoman military strength, eventually became an obstacle to reform and a threat to the political stability of the government. The rise of modern armies in Europe prompted Sultan Mahmud II to modernize his military forces, inspired by the Nizam-i Cedid system introduced by Sultan Selim III. The main objectives of this study are to trace the causes of the abolition, assess the process of change, and analyze the results of the transformation. For the data analysis method, this study employs a descriptive approach that critically examines historical documents and texts through the lens of both internal and external critique. The findings of the study emphasize that Mahmud II successfully revitalized and channeled the spirit of the Nizam-i Cedid as a foundation for reforming the Ottoman military administration in the 19th century CE. Through the establishment of the Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammadiye and the abolition of the Janissaries in 1826, Mahmud II restructured the social hierarchy of the military, strengthened fiscal control and forged a new form of governance that anchored societal loyalty in the integration of Islamic tradition with the modern demands of the era. Consequently, this study illuminates the complex dimensions of interaction between tradition and innovation, demonstrating how the process of institutional and social reform in the Ottoman realm can be understood as a reflection of broader political and economic transformations in West Asia, thereby contributing to the framework of contemporary thought in historical, geopolitical and regional economic studies.


Keywords: Janissaries, Mahmud II, Vakayi Hayriye, Nizam-i Cedid.


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