[GUIDING THROUGH RHETORIC: THE FUNCTION OF AL-KALĀM AL-INSHĀ'Ī IN AL-ḤARĪRĪ'S POETRY] NASIHAT MELALUI RETORIK: FUNGSI AL-KALĀM AL-INSHĀ'Ī DALAM PUISI AL-ḤARĪRĪ
Abstract
Abstract
Maqāmāt literature, with roots tracing back to pre-Islamic times, reflects the cultural and intellectual fabric of the Arab world, and al-Ḥarīrī’s innovative contributions remarkably elevated this genre. Despite the significance of al-kalām al-inshā’ī in Arabic rhetoric, there is a notable gap in research concerning its specific applications in al-Ḥarīrī’s Maqāmāt. This study examines the concept of al-kalām al-inshā’ī in al-Ḥarīrī’s poetry, focusing on two primary objectives: to identify the various forms and functions of al-kalām al-inshā’ī in al-Ḥariri’s poetry, and to analyze the underlying messages within the context of Islamic guidance. Through qualitative text analysis, grounded in al-Hāshimī’s and al-Jurjānī’s theoretical frameworks, this study examines al-Maqāmah al-Rāziyyah, the twenty-first of al-Ḥarīrī’s collections. The findings indicate that al-Ḥarīrī employs a wide range of al-kalām al-inshā’ī forms such as al-amr (command), al-nahy (prohibition), al-istifhām (interrogation), al-tamannī (wishful thinking), and al-nidā’ (vocative expression) to convey messages of moral and Islamic guidance. These forms mainly function as guiding principles such as al-irshād (advice), al-i’tibār (lesson), al-tahdīd (threat), and al-wa’īd (warning). This study reveals that al-Ḥarīrī’s strategic use of these forms not only enriches the literary quality of his poetry but also serves as a powerful medium for Islamic guidance. This study emphasizes the relevance of rhetorical strategies in Arabic literature, illustrating their enduring capacity to convey Islamic teachings that resonate with contemporary readers.
Keywords: al-kalām al-inshā’ī; guidance; al-ḥarīrī; poems; al-maqāmah al-rāziyyah.
Abstrak
Genre maqāmāt dapat dijejak akarnya sejak zaman pra-Islam lagi, di mana Badī’ al-Zamān al-Hamadhānī (969-1008 M) merupakan pelopor terawal yang memperkenalkan genre ini kepada dunia sastera. Genre maqāmāt mencerminkan ketinggian budaya dan intelektual dunia Arab yang diangkat lagi ke tahap yang lebih tinggi oleh al-Ḥarīrī melalui maqāmātnya. Walaupun al-kalām al-inshā'ī kerap digunakan dalam kesusasteraan Arab, tetapi masih terdapat jurang yang ketara dalam kajian berkaitan aplikasinya secara khusus dalam Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī. Kajian ini meneroka konsep al-kalām al-inshā’ī dalam puisi al-Ḥarīrī dengan menumpukan kepada dua objektif utama: mengenalpasti bentuk dan fungsi al-kalām al-inshā’ī dalam puisi al-Ḥarīrī serta merungkaikan mesej-mesej tersirat yang hendak disampaikan dalam konteks nasihat. Melalui analisis teks kualitatif yang bertunjangkan kerangka teori al-Hāshimī dan al-Jurjānī, kajian ini meneliti al-Maqāmah al-Rāziyyah iaitu maqāmah yang ke-21 dalam koleksi Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa al-Ḥarīrī menggunakan pelbagai bentuk al-kalām al-inshā’ī, seperti al-amr (perintah), al-nahy (larangan), al-istifhām (pertanyaan), al-tamannī (angan-angan), dan al-nidā’ (panggilan), untuk menyampaikan nasihat. Bentuk-bentuk ini mempunyai prinsip-prinsipnya yang tersendiri seperti al-irshād (nasihat), al-i’tibār (pengajaran), al-tahdīd (ancaman), dan al-wa’īd (peringatan). Kajian ini mendedahkan bahawa penggunaan al-kalām al-inshā’ dalam puisi Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī bukan sahaja dapat memperkaya kualiti puisinya tetapi juga berfungsi sebagai medium yang kuat untuk menyampaikan nasihat. Hal ini lantas menegaskan kepentingan ilmu balāghah dalam sastera Arab, menggambarkan bagaimana penggunaannya kekal relevan dalam menyampaikan nasihat yang mendalam bagi pembaca kontemporari.
Kata kunci: al-kalām al-inshā’ī; nasihat; al-ḥarīrī; puisi; al-maqāmah al-rāziyyah
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