Idea, definisi, dan struktur program bandar sihat komuniti bagi mengurangkan risiko penyakit tidak berjangkit di Malaysia (The concept, definition, and structure of a community healthy city program to reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases in Malaysia)

Muhd Abdul Hadi bin Johari; Zanisah Man; Mohd. Yusof Hussain; Manimaran Krishnan

Idea, definisi, dan struktur program bandar sihat komuniti bagi mengurangkan risiko penyakit tidak berjangkit di Malaysia (The concept, definition, and structure of a community healthy city program to reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases in Malaysia)

Muhd Abdul Hadi bin Johari, Zanisah Man, Mohd. Yusof Hussain, Manimaran Krishnan

Abstract

Pelaksanaan bandar sihat direncanakan secara dasar di setiap Rancangan Tempatan di seluruh negara, tetapi fenomena Penyakit Tidak Berjangkit (NCD) tetap meruncing. Timbul persoalan sejauh mana program bandar sihat di Malaysia menyasarkan agenda komuniti berbanding polisi? Jika agenda komuniti bukan sasaran utama, keterlibatan komuniti dalam program bandar sihat adalah pasif, maka tujuan mengurangkan risiko NCD sukar dicapai. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pandangan akar umbi tentang idea, definisi, dan struktur program bandar sihat yang dapat mengurangkan risiko NCD di Malaysia. Ethnographic Decision Tree Modeling (EDTM) digunakan sebagai kaedah kajian. Data dikumpulkan menerusi survei EDTM terhadap 300 peserta I Fit and Eat Right (IFitEr) di Hub Kesejahteraan Kesihatan (WH) Bangi dan Batu Pahat serta temu bual mendalam. Data dianalisis menggunakan model peratus nilai data yang sebenar dan analisis tematik. Dapatan kajian mendapati skor program bandar sihat komuniti antara bandar dengan luar bandar adalah berbeza, di mana program pemakanan sihat dan kesihatan mental tertinggi di Bangi berbanding di Batu Pahat. Hal ini menunjukkan bahawa epidemiologi NCD antara wilayah adalah berbeza. Bagi mengeneralisasikan kedua-dua dapatan tersebut sebagai satu polisi nasional, maka hala tuju bandar sihat komuniti di Malaysia bagi mengurangkan risiko NCD ditetapkan adalah bandar sihat integrasi, dengan penekanannya menurut hierarki adalah pemakanan sihat, kesihatan mental, dan aktiviti fizikal. Pendekatannya bersifat integrasi, in-situ, dan bina upaya komuniti. Kajian ini memberi nilai tambah dari sudut merangka pelan perancangan bandar sihat dan promosi kesihatan yang ideal untuk mengurangkan risiko NCD.

Kata kunci:Bandar sihat, EDTM, NCD, urbanisasi, WH

Kata kunci: Bandar sihat, EDTM, NCD, urbanisasi, WH

The implementation of healthy cities has been strategically embedded in every Local Plan across Malaysia. However, the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) continues to escalate. This raises a critical question: to what extent do healthy city programs in Malaysia prioritize community-driven agendas over policy-focused approaches? If community engagement is not the primary focus, public participation in these programs remains passive, making it difficult to effectively reduce the risk of NCDs. This study aims to explore grassroots perspectives on the ideas, definitions, and structural components of healthy city programs that can contribute to reducing NCD risks in Malaysia. Ethnographic Decision Tree Modeling (EDTM) was used as the research method. Data were collected through EDTM surveys involving 300 participants from the I Fit and Eat Right (IFitEr) program at Wellness Hubs (WH) in Bangi and Batu Pahat, along with in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed using actual percentage value modeling and thematic analysis. The findings revealed differences in community healthy city program scores between urban and rural areas, with Bangi scoring higher in healthy eating and mental health programs compared to Batu Pahat. This suggests regional variation in NCD epidemiology. To generalize both findings into a national policy, the direction of community healthy cities in Malaysia to reduce NCD risks should be based on an integrated healthy city model. The proposed priority hierarchy includes healthy eating, mental health, and physical activity. This approach is integrative, in-situ, and emphasizes community empowerment. This study adds value to the formulation of ideal healthy city planning and health promotion strategies aimed at reducing the burden of NCDs in Malaysia.

Keywords: Healthy cities, EDTM, NCD, urbanization, WH

Keywords

Bandar sihat, EDTM, NCD, urbanisasi, WH (Healthy cities, EDTM, NCD, urbanization, WH)

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