Developing flood hazard maps for the Kelantan floodplain using the HEC-RAS 2D model

See Too Kay Leng, Mokhtar Jaafar, Mohd Ridhuan Mohd Jamil, Risa Novia Wati, Frankie Marcus Ata

Abstract


Since flood disasters bring significant consequences to communities, it is essential to identify effective ways to reduce flood risks. This study aims to develop a flood hazard map for the Kelantan floodplain using a two-dimensional hydraulic modelling technique, integrating HEC-RAS and ArcGIS. Findings indicate that the Kelantan floodplain is highly exposed to severe flood hazards, with a 200-year return period discharge of 17,278.7 m³/s. The results show that high-impact areas will experience severe consequences, such as house demolitions, financial losses, and psychological trauma. This study not only analyses past flood events but also predicts future flood risk zones. The findings are crucial for enhancing community preparedness by providing a comprehensive flood hazard map, which can assist in pre-disaster planning, disaster response, and post-disaster recovery to help sustain community well-being.

 

Keywords: Community resilience, disaster risk management, disaster risk reduction, flood disaster, hydraulic modelling, sustainability development


Keywords


Community resilience, disaster risk management, disaster risk reduction, flood disaster, hydraulic modelling, sustainability development

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdullah, M. B., Zakaria, N. A., Abustan, I., & Ghani, A. A. (2015). Application of HEC-RAS 2D for flood hazard mapping in Pahang River Basin, Malaysia. Water and Environment Journal, 29(4), 530-542.

Aerts, J. C., Botzen, W. J., & De Moel, H. (2013). Evaluating flood resilience strategies for coastal megacities. Science, 344(6183), 473-475.

Birkmann, J., & von Teichman, K. (2010). Integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation: key challenges-scales, knowledge, and norms. Sustainability Science, 5(2), 171-184.

Bubeck, P., Botzen, W. J., & Aerts, J. C. (2012). A review of risk perceptions and other factors that influence flood mitigation behavior. Risk Analysis, 32(9), 1481-1495.

Bukhari, S. A. S., Shafi, I., Ahmad, J., Villar, S. G., Villena, E. G., Khurshaid, T., & Ashraf, I. (2024). Review of flood monitoring and prevention approaches: A data analytic perspective. Natural Hazards.

Chan, N. W. (1995). Flood disaster management in Malaysia: An evaluation of the effectiveness of government reset-tlement schemes. Disaster Prevention and Management, 4(4), 22-29.

Chlumsky, R., Craig, J. R., & Tolson, B. A. (2024). A reach-integrated hydraulic modelling approach for large-scale and real-time inundation mapping. Geoscientific Model Development, 1-28.

Coles, S. (2001). An Introduction to Statistical Modeling of Extreme Values. Springer.

Cook, A., & Merwade, V. (2009). Effect of topographic data, geometric configuration and modeling approach on flood inundation mapping. Journal of Hydrology, 377(1-2), 131-142.

De Marchi, B., & Scolobig, A. (2010). The role of information in disaster risk reduction: The case of flood risk maps. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 3(2), 136-144.

Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia. (2019). Kelantan River Basin Flood Mitigation Study. http://www.water.gov.my/images/technical_reports/Kelantan_River_Basin_Flood_Mitigation_Study_2019.pdf

Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia. (2022). Flood information. https://www.water.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/463

ESRI. (2023). What is GIS?. https://www.esri.com/en-us/what-is-gis/overview

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2021). Flood Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment. https://www.fema.gov/flood-hazard-identification-and-risk-assessment

Fischer, C., & Stanchev, P. (2022). Flood hazard and risk maps: A key instrument for flood risk management. The Water Blog. https://blogs.worldbank.org/water/flood-hazard- and-risk-maps-key-instrument-flood-risk-management

Muhammad Barzani Gasim, Mohd Ekhwan Toriman, Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin, Azman Azid, Mohammad Azizi Amran, Fazureen Azaman & Norsyuhada Hairoma. (2015). Fenomena banjir terburuk di Kelantan sepanjang musim monsun di pantai timur Semenanjung. In Bencana Banjir Kupasan Pelbagai Perspektif (pp. 25-28). Penerbit UniSZA.

Gilissen, H. K., & de Moel, H. (2019). Flood risk perceptions and spatial multi-criteria decision analysis for flood risk mitigation planning. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 38, 101182.

Grothmann, T., & Patt, A. (2005). Adaptive capacity and human cognition: the process of individual adaptation to climate change. Global Environmental Change Part A, 15(3), 199-213.

Grothmann, T., & Reusswig, F. (2006). People at risk of flooding: Why some residents take precautionary action while others do not. Natural hazards, 38(1-2), 101-120.

Harun, S. B., & Aziz, N. A. (2021). Post-flood review on the 2021 Kota Bharu flash flood, Kelantan, Malaysia. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 30(04), 3802-3810.

Hashim, A. M. A., & Yusof, K. W. (2015). The December 2014 flood disaster in Malaysia: A review. Natural Hazards, 77(1), 405-420.

Horritt, M. S., & Bates, P. D. (2002). Evaluation of 1D and 2D numerical models for predicting river flood inundation. Journal of Hydrology, 268(1-4), 87-99.

Hossain, S. M., Biswas, S., & Baten, M. A. (2016). Flood hazard mapping using HEC-RAS model and GIS: A case study on the Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh. Natural Hazards, 81(3), 1603-1622.

Hung, N. N., Jose, M. D., Vo, K. T., Hung, L. M., Merz, B., Bardossy, A., & Apel, H. (2012). Floodplain hydrology of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Hydrological Processes, 26(5), 674-686.

Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC). (2012). Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, 582 pp.

Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full.pdf

Jamil, N. R., Yusoff, M. K., & Saadun, N. (2020). Flood risk management in Kelantan, Malaysia: Current situation and fu-ture prospects. Geoenvironmental Disasters, 7(1), 1-15.

Kellens, W., Terpstra, T., & De Maeyer, P. (2013). Perception and communication of flood risks: a systematic review of empirical research. Risk analysis, 33(1), 24-49.

Kotz, S., & Nadarajah S. (2000). Extreme Value Distributions, Theory and Applications. Imperial College Press.

Lim, H. S., Chan, N. W., & Hashim, R. (2015). Flood hazard mapping of Kelantan River basin using GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73(9), 5263-5275.

Luis, C., & Pierfranco, C. (2022). Flood risk in urban areas: Modelling, management and adaptation to climate change. A review. Hydrology, 9(3), 50.

Malaysia Flood Portal - http://publicinfobanjir.water.gov.my/

Malaysian Meteorological Department - https://www.met.gov.my/

Malaysian Meteorological Department. (2022). Climate of Malaysia. https://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/climate/general-information/climate-of-malaysia

Marks, K., & Bates, P. (2000). Integration of high-resolution topographic data with floodplain flow models. Hydrological Processes, 14(11-12), 2109-2122.

Mason, L., & Sheppard, S. R. (2014). Citizens' perceptions of flood risk and policy responses: the effects of trust, blame and responsibility. Public Understanding of Science, 23(4), 435-450.

Mazlin, M., & Yusoff, M. K. (2016). Remote sensing and GIS-based flood risk analysis in Kelantan River Basin, Malaysia. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9(2), 1-12.

Mohd Ekhwan, T. (1998). Banjir sebagai bencana: Isu, cabaran dan pengurusannya di Malaysia. Seminar Kebangsaan Perancangan dan Pembangunan dalam Era Globalisasi. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.

Mohd Razi, M. F., Yusof, K. W., & Adnan, N. A. (2021). Flash flood analysis in Tumpat district using remote sensing and GIS. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 819, 012032.

Muhamad, A. A. (2020). A GIS-Based flood vulnerability assessment in Pasir Mas, Kelantan a GIS-Based flood vulnerability assessment in Pasir Mas, Kelantan. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 549, 31-45.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2019). Flood risk awareness: Why it matters. https://www.weather.gov/wrn/flood-risk-awareness.

Porter, J., & Demeritt, D. (2012). Flood-risk management, mapping, and planning: The institutional politics of decision support in England. Environment and Planning A. 44(10), 2359-2378.

Rameli, N. L. F., Majid, N. A., & Mohamed, A. F. (2024). Assessing community resilience to flood disasters: A case study of Temerloh, Pahang. Geographies, 4(3), 583–595. https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies4030031

Ronan, K. R., & Johnston, D. M. (2001). Correlates of hazard education programmes for youth: A review. International Journal of Emergency Management, 1(4), 314-325.

Rosmadi, H. S., Ahmed, M. F., Mokhtar, M. B., & Lim, C. K. (2023). Reviewing challenges of flood risk management in Malaysia. Water, 15(13), 2390.

Samiri, M., Nilwana, A., Nonci, N., Ahmad, J., & Fitriani, F. (2024). Keterlibatan dan partisipasi masyarakat dalam mitigasi bencana banjir: Studi kasus Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang, Indonesia. Society, 12(1), 129-139.

Schmidtlein, M. C., Deutsch, R. C., & Piegorsch, W. W. (2008). Using spatial analysis to identify and characterize natural hazard vulnerability: methods and case studies. Natural Hazards Review, 9(1), 1-14.

Schumann, G. J.-P., Bates, P. D., & Horritt, M. S. (2009). Evaluation of the use of remotely sensed DEMs for hydraulic modelling of floods. Hydrological Processes, 23(6), 955-964.

Scolobig, A., Prior, T., & Jurt, C. (2012). The role of personal, social and physical factors in household flood adaptation decision-making. Environmental Science & Policy, 18, 18-26.

See Too, K. L. Frankie, M. A, Jaafar, M. Toriman, E., & Kamarudin, M. K. A (2023). Riverbank protection structure failure factors and remedial approach: A case study in Kelantan Malaysia. Planning Malaysia, 12(6), 213-226.

See Too, K. L., Jaafar, M., Ata, F. M., & Mohd Jamil, M. R. (2023). Socio-Economic impact of riverbank failure at Kg. Pohon Celagi in Pasir Mas, Kelantan. Akademika. 93(1), 307-316.

Shafie, A., Hassan, Z., Jafri, M. Z. M., & Mahmud, M. R. (2014). Flood hazard mapping of the Kelantan river basin using HEC-RAS and GIS. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 18, 012049.

Sidek, L. M., Mohammed, M. H., Mohamad Deros, S. N., Md Din, N., Ishak, N. A., Jaafar, A. S., Osman, S., Che Omar, B. Z., Yunus, F., & Abdul Mulok, S. (2022). Developing the flood risk matrix for impact-based forecasting in Kelantan River Basin, Malaysia. In C, Ghosh. & S, Kolathayar. (Eds.) A System Engineering Approach to Disaster Resilience. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering (vol. 205). Springer.

Skamantzari, M., Kourtis, I., Bellos, V., Kopsiaftis, G., & Rallis, I. (2024). Enhancing fluvial modeling and flood prediction accuracy through the fusion of 3D point clouds, multispectral, and RGB Data. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences.

Sseguya, F., & Jun, K. S. (2024). Deep learning ensemble for flood probability analysis. Water, 16(21), 3092.

Sulaiman, N. M., & Sulaiman, A. (2020). Urban sprawl and flood risk: A case study of Kota Bharu, Kelantan. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability, 7(3), 203-212.

Tapsell, S. M., Penning-Rowsell, E. C., Tunstall, S. M., & Wilson, T. L. (2002). Vulnerability to flooding: health and social dimensions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 357(1517), 1547-1555.

Teh, S. Y., Ahmad, M. A., Alias, A. B., & Abd. Rahman, M. F. (2020). Analysis of flash flood hazard in Tumpat, Kelantan using GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(2), 5419-5429.

Teng, J., Vaze, J., Dutta, D., & Marvanek, S. (2017). Rapid inundation modelling in large floodplains using LiDAR DEM. Water, 9(11), 873.

United Nation Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) (2018). Words into Action Guidelines: Implementation Guide for Addressing Flood Risk and Vulnerability. https://www.undrr.org/publication/words-action-guidelines-implementa-tion-guide-addressing-flood-risk-and-vulnerability).

United Nation Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) (2021). Terminology. https://www.undrr.org/terminology/flood-hazard

United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP) (2019). Global Environmental Outlook-6: Summary for Policy Makers. https://www.unep.org/resources/report/global-environment-outlook-6-summary-policy-makers

United States Army Corps of Engineers. (2016). HEC-RAS River Analysis System. https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ras/

Wan Mohd Rani, W. R., Salleh, A. B., & Mohd Noor, N. (2019). Urban land use and its impacts on flood risk in Kota Bharu, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 16(1), 35.

Wan Ruslan, I. (2013). Sedimen Sungai: Warisan Dari Gunung. Penerbit USM.

Watkins, S., & Collins, A. (2024). From community engagement to community inclusion for socially and procedurally just flood risk

governance. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 18(1), e13042.

World Bank. (2021). Floods. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/brief/floods

World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Floods. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/floods

Wu, Y., Wen, K., & Zeng, Y. (2017). A comparative study on flood risk assessment using two-dimensional and one-dimensional hydraulic models. Journal of Hydrology, 552, 737-749.

Yin, J., Liu, Y., & Qin, H. (2019). Flood risk assessment based on high-resolution hydraulic modelling and its uncertainty analysis. Journal of Hydrology, 577, 123963.

Yusoff, M. K., & Abdullah, A. M. (2016). Flood disasters in Malaysia: Issues and challenges. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 5(1), 1-6.

Zakaria, N. A., Abustan, I., & Ghani, A. A. (2013). Flood modeling for Kelantan River using Infoworks RS. Jurnal Teknologi, 61(3), 85-91.

Zulkafli, Z., Buytaert, W., Onof, C., & Manz, B. (2014). Modelling the impacts of land use change on the flood hydrology of a monsoon catchment in East Malaysia. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18(8), 3317-3331.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.