Keusahawanan sosial di Pulau Pinang, Malaysia: Penilaian semula program Akhiri Zaman Kemiskinan (1AZAM). (Social entrepreneurship in Penang, Malaysia: Appraisal of Ending Poverty programme (1AZAM))

Radieah Mohd Nor, Norhidayati Nadiha Mukri

Abstract


Program Akhiri Zaman Kemiskinan (1AZAM) berkonsepkan keusahawanan sosial merupakan program untuk membasmi kemikinan di Malaysia. Walaupun program ini telah tamat pada 2018, kajian penilaian semula program 1AZAM ini dilakukan bagi membantu program berbentuk organisasi atau program keusahawanan sosial yang lain menambah baik prosedur operasi standard (SOP) yang dilaksanakan oleh mereka. Kaedah persempelan bertujuan dengan mengguna pakai temu bual separa berstruktur telah digunakan dalam kajian ini. Sebanyak 23 informan daripada 328 peserta Azam Niaga telah dipilih melalui sistem eKasih dari tahun 2010 hingga 2015. Dapatan kemudiannya dianalisis menggunakan analisis kandungan berpandukan Model of the Determinants of Successful Scaling (SCALERS) sebagai kerangka teori. Model tersebut bertujuan untuk menilai impak organisasi keusahawanan sosial berdasarkan tujuh perkara iaitu keupayaan kakitangan, komunikasi, pembinaan hubungan, keupayaan pengaruh, penjanaan pendapatan, penghasilan semula dan rangsangan. Hasil dapatan kajian mendapati, program 1AZAM mempunyai potensi besar untuk mengurangkan kadar kemiskinan di Malaysia. Walau bagaimanapun terdapat beberapa kelemahan utama yang dikesan melalui Model SCALERS ini iaitu kaedah pemilihan peserta, kaedah pemberian bantuan, kaedah pemantauan dan latihan. SOP perlu dibangunkan oleh pihak pengurusan supaya program pembasmian kemiskinan lebih teratur bagi memenuhi matlamat asal program. Sekiranya kelemahan ini dapat ditambah baik sudah tentu program yang berbentuk keusahawanan sosial ini dapat memberi impak maksimum kepada penerima manfaat dalam program tersebut. Selain itu, kajian ini juga memberi perspektif berbeza kepada keusahawanan sosial apabila Model SCALERS diguna pakai untuk menilai impak dalam program pembasmian kemiskinan.  

Kata kunci: Azam Niaga, kemiskinan, keusahawanan social, Program 1AZAM, SCALERS

Akhiri Zaman Kemiskinan Program (1AZAM) with the concept of social entrepreneurship is a program to eradicate poverty in Malaysia. Although this program ended in 2018, this 1AZAM program re-evaluation study was done to help other social entrepreneurship organizations or programs to improve the standard operating procedures implemented by them. Purposeful sampling method by adopting semi-structured interviews was used in this study. A total of 23 informants from 328 Azam Niaga participants were selected through the eKasih system from 2010 to 2015. The findings were then analyzed using content analysis guided by the Model of the Determinants of Successful Scaling (SCALERS) as a theoretical framework. The model aims to assess the impact of social entrepreneurship organizations based on seven items namely staffing, communication, alliance building, lobbying, earning generation, replicating, and stimulating. As per findings of the study, the 1AZAM initiative has a lot of potential to help Malaysians get out of poverty. However, the SCALERS Model has identified numerous main issues, including participant selection procedures, assistance methods, monitoring, and training methods. An SOP needs to be developed by the management so that the poverty alleviation program is more organized to meet the original goals of the program. If this issue can be addressed, then this programme, in the form of social entrepreneurship, can have the greatest impact on the program's beneficiaries. In addition, this study also gives a different perspective to social entrepreneurship when the SCALERS Model is used to evaluate the impact in poverty alleviation programs.

Keywords: Azam Niaga, poverty, social entrepreneurship, 1AZAM Programme, SCALERS

 


Keywords


Program 1AZAM; Azam Niaga, kemiskinan; keusahawanan sosial; SCALERS

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