Reformasi Ejaan Jawi untuk Literasi dan Revitalisasi Jawi: Satu Kertas Konsep (Jawi Spelling Reformation to Increase Jawi-Literacy and for its Revitalization: A Conceptual Paper)

Khazriyati Salehuddin, Nurjanah Mohd. Jaafar

Abstract


Seperti yang termaktub dalam Akta Bahasa Kebangsaan, tulisan Jawi adalah tulisan alternatif bagi bahasa Melayu. Oleh yang demikian, penutur bahasa Melayu sepatutnya tidak mempunyai masalah untuk membaca tulisan Jawi dengan lancar. Namun demikian, hanya sebahagian kecil penutur bahasa Melayu yang boleh membaca tulisan Jawi; malah, penutur bahasa Melayu yang boleh membaca al-Qur’an dengan lancar juga tidak mampu membaca tulisan Jawi dengan baik. Kajian lepas menunjukkan banyak bahasa di dunia ini telah dan sedang melalui reformasi ke atas sistem ejaan mereka, antaranya untuk meningkatkan kadar literasi dalam kalangan penutur bahasa tersebut serta untuk tujuan revitalisasi. Sehubungan itu, artikel ini mencadangkan langkah-langkah yang perlu diambil bagi mereformasikan tulisan Jawi yang sedia ada. Ini dimulakan dengan menjalankan kajian saintifik bagi menyokong kajian-kajian terdahulu yang menunjukkan bahawa sistem ejaan Jawi semasa adalah kompleks, sehingga menyebabkan semakin ramai penutur bahasa Melayu sukar untuk membacanya. Antara pendekatan saintifik yang dicadangkan adalah dengan menggabungkan penggunaan perisian pemprosesan bahasa berasaskan psikologi dengan Alat Pengesan Gerak Mata (APGM) yang boleh menganalisis proses membaca secara kuantitatif melalui masa tindak balas dan tempoh membaca, bilangan tumpuan (‘fixation count’), tempoh tumpuan (‘fixation duration’), dan bilangan kunjungan (‘visit count’). Langkah ini kemudiannya boleh disokong dengan analisis kualitatif ke atas pola tumpuan (‘gaze plot’) dan peta haba (‘heat maps’), serta data dalam bentuk perbualan dari temu duga retrospektif. Sekiranya data dari analisis kuantitatif dan kualitatif ini menyokong kajian-kajian lepas yang menunjukkan bahawa sistem ejaan Jawi semasa adalah kompleks dan sukar dibaca, reformasi ke atas ejaan Jawi boleh dicadangkan berdasarkan pendekatan reformasi-reformasi yang pernah diambil oleh, bukan sahaja bahasa-bahasa lain di dunia ini, malah, menggunakan pendekatan yang pernah berlaku dalam tulisan Jawi sendiri. Reformasi ejaan ke atas mana-mana bahasa di dunia ini sebenarnya adalah satu proses yang sentiasa berlaku, dan proses ini merupakan sesuatu yang perlu dilakukan ke atas tulisan Jawi bukan sahaja untuk meningkatkan literasi, malah untuk melestarikan sistem tulisan Jawi sebagai satu proses revitalisasi.

 

Keywords: Jawi; proses kognitif; literasi; reformasi ejaan; revitalisasi

 

ABSTRACT

 

As stated in the National Language Acts, Jawi, or the Arabic script of Malay, is an alternative writing for the Malay language. Therefore, speakers of the Malay language are expected to be able to read Jawi fluently. Unfortunately, this is not the case; even those who are able to read the Qu’ran fluently, are not able to read the Jawi script fluently despite the fact that both are written in the Arabic script. Past studies have shown that many languages of the world have gone through spelling reformation, among others, to increase the literacy rate among their speech communities, and to revitalize the writing system. Thus, this conceptual paper proposes the necessary steps towards reforming the existing Jawi script. This should begin with conducting a scientific study to support previous studies that suggest that the current Jawi spelling system is complex, causing more and more speakers of the Malay avoiding to use it. This article proposes the use of a psychological-based language-processing software and the eye tracking machine to quantitatively analyse the reading process through reaction times and reading duration, fixation count, fixation duration, and visit counts. The findings can then be supported qualitatively through readers’ gaze plot dan heat maps along with verbal data obtained from retrospective interviews conducted on the participants. If data from both analyses confirm that the current Jawi spelling system results in difficulty in reading Jawi, this article proposes a spelling reformation to take place – using the spelling reformation approaches used not only by other languages of the world, but also those that were used in the reformation of previous and the current Jawi spelling system. Spelling reformation is an ongoing process and is vital not only to improve the literacy rate among speakers of particular languages, but also to revitalise their writing systems.

 

Keywords: Jawi; cognitive processes; literacy; revitalization; spelling reformation


Keywords


Jawi, proses kognitif, literasi, reformasi ejaan, revitalisasi

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/gema-2024-2402-07

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