Strategi Fonologi Pengguguran dalam Pertuturan Kanak-kanak Autisme (Phonological Strategies of Deletion in the Speech of Children with Autism)

Nazrul Muhamin Abdul Aziz, Sharifah Raihan Syed Jaafar

Abstract


Permasalahan fonologi yang dialami oleh kanak-kanak Autisme (ASD) telah memberi kesukaran untuk menuturkan sesebuah perkataan dengan jelas. Pertuturan yang dikemukakan juga telah berlaku pengguguran segmen dalam sesebuah perkataan. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bunyi konsonan dan vokal yang terlibat dalam strategi pengguguran. Seterusnya, menjelaskan jenis-jenis strategi pengguguran dalam pertuturan bahasa Melayu oleh kanak-kanak ASD. Akhir sekali, kajian ini meneliti peranan kekangan *KOMPLEKS dalam teori Optimaliti (TO) bagi setiap strategi pengguguran yang berlaku. Data kajian telah diperolehi menerusi kajian lapangan di Makmal Pembelajaran Autisme, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (MPAUKM) melibatkan kaedah pemerhatian turut serta dan ujian pertuturan dengan menggunakan set Ujian Proses Fonologi ASD (UPFA). Kajian kes ini melibatkan tiga orang kanak-kanak ASD yang mempunyai masalah fonologi dalam tiga tahap kritikal yang berbeza iaitu rendah (ASD1), sederhana (ASD2) dan tinggi (ASD3). Hasil dapatan menunjukkan bahawa terdapat tujuh strategi melibatkan pengguguran segmen, iaitu pengguguran konsonan dalam suku kata kompleks, pengguguran konsonan frikatif, pengguguran konsonan getaran [r], pengguguran konsonan daerah velar, pengguguran konsonan daerah glotal, pengguguran vokal diftong dan pengguguran suku kata. Selain itu, peranan penting kekangan MAKS-IO, CYWYDD(CYW) dan *Containment telah mengawal pengguguran sesuatu segmen sehingga mengubah struktur suku kata asli. Namun, kekangan *KOMPLEKS yang menjadi induk utama kepada kekangan yang membenarkan pengguguran segmen yang mengandungi fitur dan suku kata kompleks. Hasil kajian ini dapat memberikan input tambahan kepada ibu bapa dan guru MPAUKM yang mengendalikan kanak-kanak ASD yang mempunyai masalah fonologi. Secara tidak langsung, dapatan ini juga dapat memberi galakan intervensi pertuturan yang bersesuaian melibatkan alat artikulasi kanak-kanak ASD.

 

Kata kunci:  Autisme; Fonetik; Fonologi; Geometri Fitur; Teori Optimaliti

 

ABSTRACT

 

Phonological problems experienced by children with Autism (ASD) have made it difficult to speak a word clearly. The speech presented also has the deletion of segments in a word. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the consonant and vowel sounds involved in the dropping strategy. Next, the study explains the types of strategies to abort in Malay speech by ASD children. Finally, this study examines the role of *COMPLEX constraints in TO for each abortion strategy that occurs. Research data has been obtained through a field study at the Autism Learning Laboratory, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (MPAUKM), involving participatory observation methods and speech tests using the ASD Phonological Process Test (UPFA) set. This case study involves three ASD children who have phonological problems in three different critical levels, namely low (ASD1), medium (ASD2) and high (ASD3). The findings show that there are seven strategies involving dropping segments, namely dropping consonants in complex syllables, dropping fricative consonants, dropping vibratory consonants [r], dropping velar consonants, dropping glottal consonants, dropping diphthong vowels and dropping syllables. In addition, the important role of constraints MAKS-IO, CYWYDD(CYW) and *Containment has controlled the dropping of a segment, thus changing the original syllable structure. However, the constraint *COMPLEX is the main parent of the constraint that allows the deletion of segments containing features and complex syllables. The results of this study can provide additional input to parents and MPAUKM teachers who handle ASD children with phonological problems. This finding can encourage appropriate speech interventions involving articulation tools for ASD children.

 

Keywords: Autism; Phonetics; Phonology; Feature Geometry;  Optimality Theory


Keywords


Proses Fonologi; Autisme; Fonetik; Fonologi; Geometri Fitur; Teori Optimaliti

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abou-Elsaad, T., Afsah, O., & Rabea, M. (2018). Identification of phonological processes in Arabic–Speaking Egyptian children by single-word test. Journal of Communication Disorders. 77, 80–93.

Azieb, S., & Mahadin, S. R. (2018). An optimality analysis of syllable-based processes in the speech of normal Algerian Arabic-speaking children. The Jordanian Association for Educational Sciences, Jordanian Education Journal. 3(3), 27–47. https://doi.org/10. 46515/2060-003-003-014

Bourzeg, M. (2020). An optimality analysis of the phonological processes in the speech of autistic Algerian children : A case study. International Journal of Linguistics. 12(4), 197–212.

Bruyneel, E., Demurie, E., Warreyn, P., Beyers, W., Boterberg, S., Bontinck, C., Dewaele, N., & Roeyers, H. (2019). Language growth in very young siblings at risk for autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders. 54(6), 940–953.

Cleland, J., Gibbon, F. E., Pepp, S. J. E., O’Hare, A., & Rutherford, M. (2010). Phonetic And Phonological errors in children with high functioning autism and asperger syndrome. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 12(1), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.3109/17549500903469980

Grzeszkowiak K., & Połczyńska M. (2011). Phonological processes in first and second language in an adolescent moderate-funtioning autistic individual. 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVII) (2011), Ogos. 783–786.

Izzeddin, B. (2023). The level of language social use among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Jordan and its relationship to some selected variables. Journal of Namibian Studies. 36(2023), 772–793.

Jameson, A. (2004). Panduan Lengkap Ibu Bapa Kanak-kanak dengan Autisme. Dalam terjemahan Zamaliah Mohd Marjan, (2014). Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan dan Buku Malaysia.

Kadenge, M., & Mudzingwa, C. (2011). Diphthong reading: An Optimality Theory. Language Matters: Studies in the Languages of Africa. 42(1), 142–161. DOI: 10.1080/10228195.2011.569740

Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child. 2, 217-250.

Key, A. P., Yoder, P. J., & Stone, W. L. (2016). Consonant differentiation mediates the discrepancy between nonverbal and verbal abilities in children with ASD. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 60, 478–490.

Latzer, I. T., Leitner, Y., & Karnieli-Miller, O. (2021). Core experiences of parents of children with autism during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdown. Autism. 25(4), 1047–1059.

Lilienthal. (2016). Characteristics of Autism. Dicapai pada Mei 20, 2024 menerusi speechpathologyguru.com.

MacMilan, K. (2016). Phonological acquisition by children with autism: A case study. Tesis Sarjana, Simon Fraser University, Canada.

Mahmudi, A. & Veisi, H. (2021). Automated grapheme-to-phoneme conversion for Central Kurdish based on Optimality Theory. Computer Speech and Language. 70 (2021), 101–222.

Pickles, A., Anderson, D., & Lord, C. (2014). Heterogeneity and plasticity in the development of language: A 17-year follow-up of children referred early for possible autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 55, 1354–1362.

Pierce, S., & Bartolucci, G. (1977). A syntactic investigation of verbal autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia. 7(2), 121-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537724

Prince, A., & Smolensky, P. (2004). Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. United States: Blackwell Publishing.

Roslinah, P. & Haniza, N. (2016). Bahasa dan Kanak-kanak Autisme. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Schoen, E., Paul, R. & Chawarska, K. (2011). Phonology and Vocal Behavior in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Autism Research. 4(3), 177–188.

Shriberg, L. D., Paul, R., Black, L. M., & Van Santen, J. P. (2011). The hypothesis of apraxia of speech in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 41(4), 405-426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1117-5

Stewart, M. E., & Ota, M. (2008). Lexical Effects on Speech Perception in Individuals with “Autistic” Traits. Cognition. 109, 157–162.

Stringer, H., Cleland, J., Wren, Y., Rees, R. (2023). Speech sound disorder or DLD (phonology)? Towards a consensus agreement on terminology. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders. 1–15.

Tager-Flusberg, H., & Kasari, C. (2013). Minimally verbal school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder: The neglected end of the spectrum. Autism Research. 6, 468–478.

Tyler, S. (2020). Human Behavior and the Social Environment I. California: Creative Commons Attribution.

Wolff, U., & Gustafsson, J. E. (2015). Structure of phonological ability at age four. Intelligence. 53, 108–117.

Wolk, L. & Edwards, M. L. (1993). The emerging phonological system of an autistic child. Journal of Communication Disorders. 26(3), 161–177.

Wolk, L., & Giesen, J. (2000). A phonological investigation of four siblings with childhood autism. Journal of Communication Disorders. 33(5), 371–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9924(00)00021-6




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/gema-2024-2402-06

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


 

 

 

eISSN : 2550-2131

ISSN : 1675-8021