Peralihan Bahasa Cham dalam Masyarakat Cham di Malaysia: Analisis Sosiolinguistik (Language Shift among the Malaysian Cham Community: A Sociolinguistic Analysis)

Noraisikin Ghazali, Mohammad Fadzeli Jaafar, Harishon Radzi

Abstract


Peralihan bahasa merupakan satu keadaan apabila masyarakat berubah kepada penggunaan bahasa lain yang lebih dominan sehingga bahasa ibunda yang biasa digunakan gagal dipertahankan.  Isu peralihan bahasa kerap berlaku dalam kalangan masyarakat minoriti.  Isu ini diketengahkan kerana dapatan kajian lepas menunjukkan terdapat perubahan yang jelas dari aspek penggunaan bahasa apabila masyarakat Cham berhijrah sehingga membawa kepada peralihan bahasa.  Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji penggunaan bahasa Cham berdasarkan analisis domain dan teori mobiliti sosial.  Penggunaan bahasa Cham dikaji dalam tiga domain, iaitu domain kekeluargaan, kejiranan dan pekerjaan. Kawasan kajian adalah di persempadanan Perak-Pulau Pinang-Kedah yang merupakan kawasan pertumbuhan sosioekonomi utara.  Responden yang terlibat adalah seramai 135 orang dan berumur dalam lingkungan umur 12-69 tahun. Data diperoleh melalui kerja lapangan secara soal selidik dan temu  bual tidak langsung dan dianalisis secara deskriptif peratusan dan Ujian-t sampel bebas.  Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa perbezaan skor penggunaan bahasa antara generasi dalam ketiga-tiga domain adalah signifikan secara statistik. Kajian ini merumuskan bahawa penggunaan bahasa Cham semakin merosot terutamanya oleh generasi kedua yang memperlihatkan peralihan bahasa sedang berlaku.  Faktor mobiliti sosial memainkan peranan dalam peralihan tersebut.  Dapatan kajian ini diharapkan dapat menyumbang kepada kajian-kajian pengekalan dan peralihan bahasa minoriti.

 

Kata Kunci: peralihan bahasa; domain; bahasa Cham; generasi; mobiliti sosial

 

ABSTRACT

 

Language shift is a situation when society turns to the use of more dominant language until the common language of the mother tongue cannot be maintained. Language shift issues often occur among minorities. This issue is highlighted because the findings of previous studies indicate that there is a clear change in the language use when the Cham people emigrate thus leading to language transitions. This study aims to investigate the use of Cham language based on domain analysis and social mobility theory.  The use of Cham language is studied in family domains, neighbourhoods and occupations. The study was conducted in the area of Perak-Pulau Pinang-Kedah boundary which is a northern socio-economic growth area. 135 respondents were involved, with the age of between 12 and 69 years old.  The data were obtained through field work using questionnaire and indirect interview and analysed by using percentage and independent sample t-test.  The findings showed that the difference in the score of language use between generations in the three domains is statistically significant.  This study concludes that the use of Cham language is decreasing mainly by the second generation and leads to the language shift into Malay. Social mobility factors play a role in this language shift.  The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the study of language shift and maintenance of minority language.

 

Keywords: language shift; domain; Cham language; generation; social mobility 


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/gema-2019-1902-04

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