Kecerdasan Buatan(AI) dan Perlembagaan Persekutuan: Implikasi terhadap Privasi dan Kebebasan Bersuara di Malaysia
Abstract
Dalam dekad terakhir, kecerdasan buatan (AI) telah muncul menjadi pemacu utama kepada transformasi digital di Malaysia dan berpotensi mengubah cara kerajaan, institusi serta masyarakat membuat keputusan. Walau bagaimanapun, perkembangan ini turut menimbulkan kebimbangan serius terhadap perlindungan hak asasi manusia, khususnya hak privasi dan kebebasan bersuara yang dijamin di bawah Perlembagaan Persekutuan. Isu utama yang dibincangkan dalam kajian ini ialah sejauh mana undang-undang sedia ada mampu mengawal penggunaan AI agar selaras dengan prinsip hak perlembagaan. Kajian ini bertujuan menilai keupayaan kerangka perundangan Malaysia, terutamanya Akta Perlindungan Data Peribadi 2010 (PDPA) dan Akta Komunikasi dan Multimedia 1998 (AKMM), dalam melindungi hak individu daripada risiko keputusan automatik, penjejakan data dan diskriminasi digital. Pendekatan doktrinal dan analisis kandungan digunakan melalui penelitian terhadap peruntukan statut, keputusan kes serta garis panduan pengawal selia yang berkaitan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa wujud jurang kawal selia yang ketara, terutamanya apabila PDPA tidak terpakai kepada sektor awam dan AKMM tidak menyediakan mekanisme semakan terhadap keputusan automatik. Keadaan ini menjejaskan prinsip ketelusan dan akauntabiliti dalam penggunaan AI, sekali gus melemahkan perlindungan hak perlembagaan. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini mencadangkan pembaharuan undang-undang berasaskan pendekatan risiko, peluasan skop PDPA kepada agensi kerajaan, pengiktarafan terhadap hak untuk menyemak keputusan automatik, serta penubuhan badan pengawasan bebas bagi tadbir urus data dan AI. Implikasi utama kajian ini ialah keperluan membentuk rangka norma perlembagaan bagi kedaulatan digital Malaysia, yang menyeimbangkan antara inovasi teknologi dan perlindungan hak rakyat di bawah Perkara 5(1) dan 10(1)(a) Perlembagaan Persekutuan.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/ebangi.2026.2302.17
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