Pelanunan Dan Pemburuan Hamba Di Tungku, Borneo Utara (1840–1879)

Abstract

Perbincangan berhubung dengan persejarahan tradisional di Borneo Utara dan alam Melayu adalah tidak lengkap tanpa membicarakan sejarah pelanunannya. Berbeza dengan sejarah pelanunan (piracy) di barat, perkembangan sejarah pelanunan di rantau ini berlaku bukan sahaja untuk tujuan ekonomi dan politik pemerintah tetapi turut dibayangi oleh pengaruh daripada nilai-nilai sosiobudaya para pemerintah, pembesar dan masyarakat pada waktu itu. Suku Iranun, Balangingi, Bajau dan Dayak Laut telah mencipta nama dalam persejarahan pelanunan di Borneo Utara dan kepulauan Asia Tenggara apabila suku-suku ini muncul sebagai perompak di laut serta pemburu hamba yang cukup digeruni oleh para pelayar, pedagang dan pentadbir barat sehingga mereka dilabelkan sebagai pirate serta penjenayah oleh orang Inggeris di Tanah Melayu dan Borneo Utara; orang Sepanyol di Filipina dan orang Belanda di Indonesia. Secara ringkasnya, makalah ini bertujuan membicarakan sejarah pelanunan di Tungku, Borneo Utara iaitu lokasi yang pernah menjadi pangkalan dan operasi terakhir aktiviti pelanunan serta pemburuan hamba semasa era Kesultanan Sulu sebelum ia berakhir ketika era pentadbiran British North Borneo Company (BNBC). Artikel ini berbentuk kualitatif dan bertemakan sejarah. Bahan dan sumber diperoleh daripada Arkib Negara Malaysia, Arkib Negara Malaysia Cawangan Sabah, Perpustakaan Negeri Sabah, Perpustakaan Universiti Malaysia Sabah dan lain- lain. Makalah ini diharapkan dapat merekonstruksikan semula sejarah pelanunan di Borneo Utara bukan sahaja dari kaca mata barat tetapi juga dari world-view atau pandangan dunia Malay centic itu sendiri.

Kata kunci: Pelanunan; Tungku, Borneo Utara; Kesultanan Sulu dan British; North Borneo, Laut 

Abstract: Discussions in relation to the historical sphere in the North Borneo and Malay domain are still lacking without dealing with the aspect of piracy. In contrast to the piracy in the west, the history of piracy in this region is not only instigated by the economic and political purposes of the rulers, but also overshadowed by the sociocultural influences of the rulers, nobles, and society at that time. The Iranun, Balangingi, Bajau and Dayak Laut tribes have made a name for themselves in the history of piracy in North Borneo and the islands of Southeast Asia when they emerged as sea pirates as well as slave head-hunters who struck terror into the western sailors, traders, and administrators that they are deemed as pirates as well as criminals by the British in Malaya and North Borneo, the Spaniards in the Philippines, and the Dutch in Indonesia. In short, this paper aims to deal with the history of piracy in Tungku, North Borneo, a place that used to be the last base and centre of piracy and slave hunting activities during the Sultanate of Sulu era before it has ceased to operate during the rule of the British North Borneo Company (BNBC). This article is qualitative and historically themed. Materials and research resources were obtained from the National Archives of Malaysia, National Archives of Sabah, Sabah State Public Library and others This paper work towards the reconstruction of the history of piracy in North Borneo from the domain of Malay history, besides solely looking at the western perspective.

Keywords: Piracy; Tungku, North Borneo; Sultanate of Sulu and British; North Borneo, Sea

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