Bantuan Australia Terhadap Malaysia Semasa Konfrontasi Indonesia, 1963-1966

Abstract

Konfrontasi Indonesia Malaysia 1963-1966 telah melakar sejarah ketenteraan buat Sejarah Malaysia. Malaysia yang baru dibentuk terpaksa berdepan dengan ancaman kedaulatan dari negara jiranya Indonesia. Penubuhan Malaysia telah mendapat tentangan hebat dari Rejim Sukarno yang mendakwah bahawa Malaysia adalah neo-kolonialsme barat untuk mengancam kedaulatan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI). Tindakan subversif telah dilancarkan dengan menceroboh dan menyerang pos pertahanan Malaysia di sempadan Borneo-Kalimantan Indonesia melibatkan sempadan Sarawak-Kalimantan Barat (Kalbar) dan sempadan Sabah-Kalimantan Timur (Kaltim). Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mendedahkan bantuan ketenteraan Australia kepada Malaysia. Kaedah kajian yang digunakan ialah kajian kepustakaan dan kajian Arkib.  Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa Malaysia telah mengaktifkan perjanjian pertahanan yang telah dimeterai di bawah perjanjian Anglo Malayan Defencer Agreement (AMDA) yang terdiri daripada Malaysia, British, Australia (1957 dan 1963). Implikasi kajian ini menguguhkan pertahanan Malaysia bagi menangani ancaman percerobohan dan serangan tentera Indonesia. Menyedari akan hakikat itu, maka penelitian ini lebih memfokuskan kepada penglibatan tentera Australia dalam upaya membantu pertahanan Malaysia khususnya di wilayah sempadan Borneo.

Kata kunci: konfrontasi; Australia; operasi claret; Sabah; Sarawak

Abstract: The Indonesian-Malaysian confrontation of 1963-1966 has drawn military history for Malaysian history. The newly formed Malaysia had to face the threat of sovereignty from its neighboring country Indonesia. The establishment of Malaysia has received strong opposition from the Sukarno Regime who claimed that Malaysia is a western neo-colonialism to threaten the sovereignty of the Union State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). Subversive actions have been launched by invading and attacking Malaysian defense posts on the Indonesian Borneo-Kalimantan border involving the Sarawak-West Kalimantan (Kalbar) border and the Sabah-East Kalimantan (Kaltim) border. This study aims to reveal Australia’s military aid to Malaysia. The research methods used are bibliography and archival research. The findings of the study show that Malaysia has activated the defense agreement that was signed under the Anglo Malayan Defense Agreement (AMDA) consisting of Malaysia, the British, and Australia (1957 and 1963). The implication of this study is to strengthen Malaysia’s defense to deal with the threat of invasion and attack by the Indonesian army. Aware of that fact, this research focuses more on the involvement of the Australian military in an effort to help Malaysia's defense, especially in the Borneo border region..

Keywords: confrontation; Australia, Claret Operation; Sabah; Sarawak

References

Chandran, J. (1980). Malaysia defence policy a study in parlimentary atitutdes 1963-1973. Institut of Southeast Asian Studies.

Chin, K.W. (1983). The defence of Malaysia of Singapore. Cambridge University.

Dahana, A. (2002). China dan Malaysia dalam arena Perang Dingin 1949-74. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

David, E. (2004). Britian and the confrontation with Indonesia, 1960-1966. Tauris Academic Studies.

David, H.(2008). The Australian army and Indonesia’s Confrontation with Malaysia. Australian Outlook. 43(1), 61-76.

Douglas, H. (1965). Confrontation in the east. The Bodley Head.

Fowler, W. (2006). Britain’s secret war the Indonesian Confrontation 1962–66. Osprey Publishing.

Gregorian, R. (1991). Claret operations and Confrontation, 1964-1966. Journal of Conflict Studies, 11(1).

Gullick, J. M. (1967). Malaysia and its neighbours’s. Routledge Kegan & Paul.

Hart, B,H, L. (1991). Strategy Meridian. A Meridian Book.

Hussin, A.A. (2022). Peristiwa tenang era Konfrontasi. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Jackson, R. (2008). The Malayan emergency & Indonesia confrontaion the war Commonwealth’s wars 1948-1966. Pen & Sword.

Lyon, P. (1972). Strategy and South Asia: Twenty-five years on. International Journal, 27(3), https://doi.org/10.1177/002070207202700301

Mackie J.A.C, (1975). Konfrontasi: The Indonesian Malaysia dispute 1963-1966. Oxford University

Mad Ali @ Abang, A.R. (2008). Pertempuran Kalabakan 29 Disember, 1963. [Latihan Ilmiah. Universiti Malaysia Sabah].

Mad Ali @ Abang, A.R. (2012). Konflik bersenjata di sempadan Sabah-Kalimantan Timur semasa era konfrontasi Indonesia-Malaysia, 1963-1966. [Tesis sarjana. Universiti Malaysia Sabah].

Mad Ali @ Abang, A.R. (2021). Dasar dan tindak balas ketenteraan British di Sarawak dan Sabah sebelum dan semasa Konfrontasi Indonesia-Malaysia, 1961-1966. [Tesis Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Universiti Malaysia Sabah].

McKay, G (1999). SAS on patrol with the sleeping with your ears open. Allen & Unwin.

Muniandy, K. (1996). Konfrontasi Indonesia-Malaysia. Dewan Bahasa dan Pusataka.

Nick van der Bijl. (2007). The confrontation with Indonesia 1963-1966. Pen Swort.

Nik Mahmud, N.A (2000). Konfrontasi Indonesia Malaysia. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Peter, D. (1991). The 22 SAS jungle frontier 22 special air service regiment in the Borneo campaign 1963-1966. Arms and Armour.

Peter, D., Jeffrey, G., Ewan, M., Robin, P., & Jean Bou. (1995). The oxford companion to Australian military history. Oxford University Press.

Peter, D., & Grey. J (1996). Emergency and Confrontation: Australian military operations in Malaya and Borneo 1950–1966, the official history of Australia's involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts. Allen and Unwin.

Peter, D., & Jeffrey, G. (1996). Emergency and Confrontation. Allen and Unwin.

Poccok, T (2013). Fighting general the public and private campaigns of General Sir Walter Walker. Collins.

PRO FO 953/2176. (1964). Counter subversion committee cecord of ceeting held on Febuary 11, 1964, in the Commonwealth Relations Office.’ 15, 4 Febuari.

Ralph D. S. (2007). The seven military classics of Ancient China. Basic Books.

Roy Davis Linville Jumper. (2000). Death waits in the “Dark” the Senoi Praaq, Malaysia’s killer elite. Greenwood Press.

Simandjuntak, B. (1985). Federlisme Tanah Melayu 1945-1963. Penerbit Fajar Bakti.

Smith, E.D. (1985). Quater-insurgency operation 1: Malaya and Borneo. Ian Allen, Shepperto.

Subritzky, J. (2000). Confronting Sukarno British, American, Australian and New Zealand diplomacy in the Malaysia-Indonesian confrontation, 1961-5. Macmillian Press Ltd.

Tuck, C. (2013). Confrontation strategy and war termination Britain’s conflict with Indonesia. Routledge.

Walker, Walter. (1969). How Borneo was won. The round table. The Commonweal Journal of Internationl Affairs, 59, 233, 9-20. http://doi.org/10.1080/00358536908452781