Menangani Penyakit Berjangkit Di Malaysia Sebelum Penguatkuasaan Akta 342

Abstract

Diskusi artikel ini mengetengahkan inisiatif yang digerakkan pihak kerajaan dalam menangani penyakit ber-jangkit di Malaysia sejak era tradisional. Perkembangan pengurusan pentadbiran, pengawalan serta kaedah menangani penyakit berjangkit di Malaysia mula berubah daripada konvensional kepada moden dengan ke-hadiran pihak kolonial khususnya semasa era penjajahan British. Transisi sektor kesihatan yang berlaku di Tanah Melayu adalah berpunca daripada perubahan ekosistem yang berlaku kesan daripada aktiviti ekonomi. Sehubungan itu, muncul pelbagai jenis penyakit berjangkit baru. Masalah penyakit berjangkit yang semakin membarah di Tanah Melayu telah mendesak pihak kolonial untuk mencari solusi bagi memastikan produktiviti buruh tidak terjejas teruk, lantas membolehkan kegiatan ekonomi dapat berjalan seperti sedia kala. Sehubungan itu, artikel ini bertujuan mengenal pasti sejauh mana peranan pihak kerajaan mengambil langkah serius me-nangani penyakit berjangkit di Malaysia sebelum penguatkuasaan Akta 342. Diskusi artikel mengguna pakai metodologi sejarah, bersifat kualitatif deskriptif dan analitikal, memfokuskan tema-tema khusus. Kajian mengguna pakai sumber primer dan sekunder, seperti fail-fail sekretariat negeri, fail Tanah Jajahan Britain (C.O. 273 & C.O. 1022), laporan-laporan tahunan KKM, akhbar, buku serta artikel. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa kaedah menangani penyakit berjangkit di Malaysia adalah rentetan daripada peninggalan yang diwarisi dari era penjajahan British. Kaedah kuarantin, sistem perparitan, aliran air bersih serta suntikan vaksin yang diperkenalkan British telah menampakkan satu keberkesanan yang lebih maksima dalam mengekang dan merawat penyakit berjangkit. Manakala bagi tempoh selepas merdeka pula, usaha terhadap pengurusan dan pengawalan penyakit berjangkit menampakkan keberkesanan dengan adanya program-program seperti Pro-gram Malaria Kebangsaan, Program Tibi Kebangsaan dan Program Kusta Kebangsaan.

Kata kunci: Kuarantin, Vaksin, Malaria, Tibi, Kusta

Abstract: This article highlights the initiatives taken by the government in addressing the issue of infectious diseases in Malaysia since the traditional era. The development of administrative management, control, and methods of dealing with infectious diseases in Malaysia shifted from the conventional to the modern approach, especially during the British colonial era. Health sector transition in Malaya was caused by the change in the ecosystem due to economic activity. The worrying spread of new emerging infectious diseases in Malaya forced the colonial authorities to look for a solution to ensure labour productivity was not too adversely affected, thus allowing for economic activity to run smoothly. Therefore, this article aims to identify the extent of government’s role in taking serious steps to deal with infectious diseases in Malaysia before the enforcement of Act 342. This article uses historical methodology, qualitative-descriptive and analytical, focusing on specific key themes. This study depends on primary and secondary sources, such as state secretariat files, British Colonial Office Files (C.O. 273 & C.O. 1022), Ministry of Health annual reports, newspapers, books, and articles. The findings show the methods to deal with infectious diseases in Malaysia were a continuation of the methods inherited from the British colonial era. The British introduced methods such as quarantines, drainage, clean water flow, and vaccinations that demonstrated maximum effectiveness in containing and treating infectious diseases. For the post-Independence period, efforts towards infectious disease management and control also showed effectiveness with programmes such as the National Malaria, Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme.

Keywords: Quarantine, Vaccine, Malaria, Tuberculosis, Leprosy

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