Faktor Mempengaruhi Pendapatan Sawit: Perspektif Pekebun Kecil

Abstract

Pekebun kecil sering terdedah kepada isu kemiskinan disebabkan perolehan pendapatan yang kecil. Makalah ini bertujuan menjejaki dan mengenal pasti faktor berpotensi mempengaruhi pendapatan pekebun kecil sawit berdasarkan pengalaman mereka yang terlibat dalam rantaian pengeluaran skala kecil. Kajian ini menggunakan teknik temubual berstruktur bagi mendapatkan maklumat daripada responden berdasarkan soalan temubual yang telah dibina. Data temubual dianalisis menggunakan kaedah analisa tematik bagi mengesan trend tema faktor yang dijangka mempengaruhi pendapatan pekebun kecil. Seramai empat (4) orang informan yang terdiri daripada pekebun kecil telah terlibat dalam sesi temubual dan dipilih menerusi kaedah persampelan bola salji. Hasil menunjukkan terdapat 4 tema faktor mempengaruhi pendapatan pekebun kecil sawit iaitu kos penyelenggaraan kebun dan pokok yang tinggi, masalah dan kos pekerja, peraturan yang menganggu dan harga pasaran buah sawit. Keaslian kajian ini terletak pada usahanya mengesan faktor-faktor mempengaruhi pendapatan sawit berdasarkan perspektif pekebun kecil dan menjelaskan faktor berkenaan menurut pengalaman sebenar pekebun kecil dalam pendekatan yang sistematik. Penentuan model khusus faktor mempengaruhi pendapatan sawit pekebun kecil mampu memberi implikasi ilmu dalam bentuk model peramalan yang berguna bagi meramal potensi pendapatan hasil sawit pekebun kecil dalam bidang Pengurusan khususnya berkaitan pendapatan pertanian mampan. Polisi bersesuaian bagi meredakan halangan yang telah dikenal pasti sebagai menganggu kelancaran rantaian penciptaan nilai pendapatan hasil pekebun kecil adalah melibatkan langkah meredakan ketidakpastian harga komoditi, tekanan upah buruh asing dan fleksibiliti peraturan berkaitan kenderaan pengangkut buah sawit.

Kata kunci: pendapatan pekebun, pendapatan pertanian, kelapa sawit, kualitatif

Abstract

Smallholders frequently exposed to poverty issue due to the small income earned. This article aims to explore and identify potential factors influencing palm oil smallholder’s income based on their experience in the small scale production chain. This study employs structured interview technique to gather information from the respondents based on the developed interview questions. The interview data is analysed through thematic analysis to identify trend of factors theme which expected influence smallholder’s income. Four informants consist of smallholders have involved in the interview and selected through the snowball sampling technique. The findings show four themes of factors that influence palm oil smallholder’s income comprise of the high farm and tree maintenance costs, workers problems and costs, intervening regulations and fresh fruit bunches market price. The originality of the study lies in its effort of identifying factors influencing palm oil income based on the smallholders’ perspectives and the description of factors based on smallholders’ real experience in a systematic approach. The identification of specific model of factors influencing oil palm income able to provide knowledge implication in the form of projection model that is useful for projecting oil palm income potential among the smallholders in the field of management specifically sustainable agricultural income. Suitable policies to mitigate the identified obstacles which intervene the smoothness of the smallholder’s income creation value chain should involve actions to mitigate the commodity price uncertainty, foreign workers wage rate pressure and flexibility of the regulations related to the oil palm transports.

Keywords: smallholder income, agriculture income, palm oil, qualitative

Rujukan

Astro Awani. (2021). Harga MSM Dilihat Tidak Mampu Bertahan Pada Paras RM5,000-Penganalisis. 21 Oktober. https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/harga-msm-dilihat-tidak-mampu-bertahan pada-paras-rm5000-penganalisis-326496 [akses pada 22 Oktober 2021].

Atieno, O.P. (2009). An analysis of the strengths and limitation of qualitative and quantitative research paradigms. Problems Of Education In The 21st Century 13, 13-18. Beckman, J. dan Schimmelpfennig. (2015).Determinants of farm income. Agricultural Finance Review 75(3), 385-402.

Oxfam. (2018). A living income for small-scale farmers tackling unequal risks and market power. OXFAM Discussion Paper. November: 1-24. https://oxfamilibraray.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620596/dplivingincomesmallscale-farmers-151118-en.pdf

Rosearnida Senawi, Nazira Khabibor Rahman, Nurhanani Mansor dan Ainie Kuntom. (2019). Transformation of oil palm independent smallholders through Malaysia Sustainable Palm Oil. Journal of Oil Palm Research. Doi: https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr. 2019.0038.

Ryś-Jurek, R. (2018). Determinants of family farm income: Findings from the panel data on the type of production in the EU countries. Proceedings of the 10th Economics & Finance Conference, Rome 10- 13 September 2018, 456-467.

Safa, M.S. (2005). Socio-economic factors affecting the income of small scale agroforestry farms in Hill country areas in Yemen: a comparison of OLS and WLS determinantsm. Small-scale forest economics, Management and Policy 4(1), 117-134

Sulistyyati, M., Hermawan and Firman, A. (2019). The analysis of pverty trap on smallholder dairy farms in Pangalengan area. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 334(2019), 1-6.

Sustainable Food Lab dan Business Fight Poverty. (2017). Enabling smallholder farmers to improve their incomes. Improving Income Challenge. White Paper. September, 1-23. http://sustainablefoodlab.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/BFP-Improving-Incomes-WEB.pdf.

Vaismoradi, M. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptie study. Nursing and Health Sciences 15, 398-405.

Waart, Y.R., Janssen, V., Aryeetey, R., Onduru, D., Heriyanto, D., Aprillya, S.T., Guessan, A.N., Courbois, L., Bakker, D., dan Ingram, V.J. (2021). Multiple pathways towards achieving living income for different types of smallhodler tree-crop commodity farmers. Food Security, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01220-5

Waarts, Y., Janssen, V., Ingram, V., Slingerland, M., Van Rijin, F., Beekman, G., Dengerink, J., Vliet, J., Arets, E., Sassen, M., dan Guijt, J., Vugt, V.. (2019). A living income for smallholder commodity farmers and protected forests and biodiversity: how can the private and public sectors contribute? Wageningen Economic Research, November 2019, 1-26.

Zulkifli Abd Manaf, Ayat K. Ab. Rahman, Nurul Aimi Abd Halim, Suboh Ismail dan Ramli Abdullah. (2013). Assessment of the Oil Palm Seedlings Assistance Scheme on fresh fruit bunch yield and income of smallholders. Oil Palm Industry Economic Journal.13(1), 35-44