Artificial Intelligence Generated Tracks: Who is the True Author?

Nicole Goh Zhe Ye

Abstract


ABSTRAK

Atas perkembangan kecerdasan buatan dalam era yang bersifat digital, pelbagai industri telah berlumba untuk melangkaui zon selesa dengan penggunaan teknologi AI dalam kerja mereka. Walaupun para pemuzik berpendapat bahawa muzik merupakan alam yang tidak mempunyai sempadan, sesetengah penerbit lagu telah melangkah lebih jauh dengan mula menggunakan perisian AI dalam menghasilkan lagu. Berikutan kemunculan lagu-lagu yang dijana oleh AI di platform media sosial, persoalan mengenai hak cipta telah timbul apabila penerbit lagu AI menuntut perlindungan hak cipta terhadap karya mereka. Lantaran itu, satu kajian perbandingan terhadap pendekatan yang diambil oleh pelbagai bidang kuasa telah dijalani bagi menentukan sejauh mana konsep pengkaryaan apabila melibatkan karya yang didorong oleh teknologi. Meskipun sesetengah negara secara tegas mensyaratkan keperluan pengkaryaan oleh manusia, pada masa yang sama terdapat juga bidang kuasa yang secara meluas menerima bahawa perisian komputer boleh dianggap sebagai pengkarya, walaupun isu berkaitan AI masih belum ditangani secara khusus memandangkan kemajuan AI hanya muncul dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini. Tidak dapat dinafikan bahawa pindaan perlu dibuat bagi menetapkan sempadan yang jelas mengenai pengkaryaan kerana kebanyakan negara masih belum menangani isu pengkaryaan berhubung lagu yang dijana oleh AI, sebelum perbincangan mengenai hak dan tanggungjawab pemilik hak cipta sebenar dapat dilakukan secara mendalam.

Kata kunci: Kecerdasan buatan, hakcipta, harta intelek

ABSTRACT

With the advancement of Artificial Intelligence technology in the digitalised era, various industries have started to redefine their comfort zones by endeavoring AI technology in their work. While musicians propose that music has no boundaries, song producers have made a step ahead by starting to apply AI softwares in producing AI generated tracks. By virtue of the emerging AI generated songs in social media platforms, the question of copyright arises where producers of AI generated tracks claim for copyright protection over their work. Hence, a comparative study of approaches undertaken by various jurisdictions has been conducted to ascertain the extent of authorship when it comes to technology-driven works. While some nations strictly necessitate the requirement of human authorship, at the same time some jurisdictions widely accept that computer softwares could be regarded as an author, despite the issue of AI has not been addressed specifically since the advancement of AI only emerged in the recent years. It is indisputable that amendments should be made in drawing clear boundaries of authorship as most countries have yet to address the issue of authorship in respect of AI generated tracks, before the discussion regarding rights and responsibilities of the exact copyright owner take place. 

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Copyright, Intellectual Property

Full Text:

PDF

References


'A Siri-ous Societal Issue: Should Autonomous Artificial Intelligence Receive Patent or Copyright Protection?' (2020) 11 Cybaris 81, 88, 132.

U.S.C. § 1 (Dictionary Act) (as amended).

Alfred Bell & Co. v. Catalda Fine Arts, Inc 191 F.2d 99 (2d Cir. 1951)

Beijing High People’s Court, Guideline for the Trial of Copyright Infringement Cases (art 2.1).

Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Berne Convention) (as revised 28 September 1979) 828 UNTS 221, art 9(3).

Bhatia A, 'AI and Copyright' (2022) 2 Jus Corpus Law Journal 747-753.

Boucher P, 'Artificial Intelligence: How Does It Work, Why Does It Matter, and What Can We Do About It?' (2020) STOA | Panel for the Future of Science and Technology https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_BRI(2020)651492 accessed 9 November 2024.

British Copyright Council, 'WIPO Draft Issues Paper on Intellectual Property and Artificial Intelligence: Response from the British Copyright Council' (2020) https://www.britishcopyright.org/policy/wipo-draft-issues-paper-on-intellectual-property-and-artificial-intelligence-response-from-the-british-copyright-council/ accessed 11 November 2024.

Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony 111 U.S. 53

Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices (3rd edn, United States Copyright Office 2021) https://www.copyright.gov/comp3/ accessed 10 November 2024.

Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices (3rd edn, United States Copyright Office 2021) https://www.copyright.gov/comp3/ accessed 10 November 2024.

Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite (Rome Convention) (opened for signature 23 May 1961, entered into force 25 December 1972) 495 UNTS 65, art 3(e).

Copyright, Designs and Patents Bill [Lords], HC Deb 28 April 1988, vol 132, cc 525-99.

Council Directive 91/250/EEC of 14 May 1991 on the legal protection of computer programs [1991] OJ L 122, 17.5.1991, p 42–46.

Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society [2001] OJ L 167, 22.6.2001, p 10–19.

Express Newspapers v Liverpool Daily Post [1985] 3 All ER 680

Feist Publications, Inc. v Rural Telephone Service Co [1991] 499 U.S. 340

Ginsburg JC, 'The Concept of Authorship in Comparative Copyright Law' (2002) 52 William & Mary Law Review 1063-1092.

Infopaq International A/S v Danske Dagbaldes Forening [2009] ECLI:EU:C:2009:465

Intellectual Property Rights Office, 'Berne Convention' https://intellectualpropertyrightsoffice.org/berne_convention/ accessed 13 November 2024.

Jung G, 'Do Androids Dream of Copyright?: Examining AI Copyright Ownership' (2020) 35 Berkeley Technology Law Journal 1151-1178.

Jung G, 'Do Androids Dream of Copyright?: Examining AI Copyright Ownership' (2020) 35 Berkeley Technology Law Journal 1151-1178.

Lavrichenko M, 'Thaler v. Vidal: Artificial Intelligence—Can the Invented Become the Inventor?' (2022) 44 Cardozo Law Review 1, 10.

LPPLaw, 'Who Owns the Copyright Work in AI-Generated Art?' https://lpplaw.my/insights/e-articles/who-owns-the-copyright-work-in-ai-generated-art/ accessed 11 November 2024.

Malaysian Copyright Act 1987 (Act 332)

Naruto v. Slater No. 16-15469 (9th Cir. 2018)

Office for Artificial Intelligence, 'About Us' https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/office-for-artificial-intelligence accessed 11 November 2024.

Patent Act, § 115.

Pujari V and Wilson B, 'Copyright and Authorship in AI-Generated Music' (2023) 10 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research 351.

Pujari V and Wilson B, 'Copyright and Authorship in AI-Generated Music' (2023) 10 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research 351-354.

Respect Inc. v. Committee on the Status of Women 815 F. Supp. 1112, 1120 (N.D. Ill. 1993)

Ricketson S, 'People or Machines? The Berne Convention and the Changing Concept of Authorship' (1991) 16 Columbia-VLA Journal of Law & the Arts 1.

Saracens Solicitors, 'AI-Generated Music Law: A Legal Symphony' https://saracenssolicitors.co.uk/business-clients/commercial-law/ai-generated-music-law-a-legal-symphony/#:~:text=The%20UK%20currently%20lacks%20specific,regardless%20of%20their%20creation%20method accessed 11 November 2024.

Tencent Computer Company v. Yingxun Technology Company, the Company Tencent Judgement No. 14010, 2019

Thaler v Comptroller-General of Patents, Designs and Trademarks [2023] UKSC 49

Trademark Cases 100 U.S. 82 (1879)

Transcript of Proceedings, In the Matter of Copyright and Artificial Intelligence: Music and Sound Recordings Listening Session (31 May 2023, United States).

U.S. Copyright Office, '37 CFR Part 202: Copyright Registration Guidance: Works Containing Material Generated by Artificial Intelligence' (Federal Register, Vol 88, No 51, 16 March 2023) https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2023-05348 accessed 13 November 2024.

UK Government, Consultation Outcome: Government Response to Call for Views on Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property (23 March 2021) https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/artificial-intelligence-and-intellectual-property accessed 13 November 2024.

United States Copyright Office, 'Copyright and Artificial Intelligence: Music and Sound Recordings Listening Session' (31 May 2023) https://www.copyright.gov/policy/ai-music-sound-recordings/ accessed 10 November 2024.

Wedding Galore Sdn Bhd v Rasidah Ahmad (2016) 6 CLJ 621

Zipper T, 'Mind Over Matter: Addressing Challenges of Computer-Generated Works Under Copyright Law' (2022) 22 Wake Forest Journal of Business & Intellectual Property Law 129-241.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


 

 

 

e-ISSN : 2550-1704