Analisis Retorik Penghujahan Sejarah Tuntutan Filipina ke atas Sabah dalam Media atas Talian Filipina Semasa Era Presiden Rodrigo Duterte, 2016-2022

NORIZAN BINTI KADIR

Abstract


Meskipun setelah lebih dua dekad Filipina melaksanakan polisi tuntutan dorman dan memilih untuk mengabaikan isu tuntutan ke atas Sabah, dalam tempoh tersebut pelbagai provokasi telah ditimbulkan oleh pengamal media tempatan dan ahli politik Filipina bagi menghidupkan kembali tuntutan ke atas Sabah menerusi pelbagai saluran media. Justeru, kajian sejarah ini dijalankan bagi menganalisis perkembangan semasa tuntutan dengan meneliti laporan-laporan media atas talian Filipina serta retorik penghujahan yang digunakan bagi menghidupkan kembali tuntutan ke atas Sabah. Pertikaian mengenai Sabah semakin meluas menerusi saluran media atas talian serta platform tidak rasmi seperti media sosial. Hasil kajian ini mendapati bahawa penggunaan media sosial dan akhbar atas talian yang lebih mudah diakses dan mempunyai rangkaian yang lebih meluas telah dimanfaatkan sepenuhnya oleh diplomat dan pemimpin tertinggi Filipina bagi mempertikaikan kedaulatan Malaysia ke atas Sabah sekali gus mencetuskan propaganda ke arah menuntut kembali Sabah. Pelbagai mesej dan keterangan palsu mengenai isu Sabah disebarkan oleh pengamal media bagi menarik perhatian pembaca sekali gus menyegarkan kembali memori kolektif sejarah tuntutan ke atas Sabah khususnya di era pentadbiran Presiden Diosdado Macapagal dan Presiden Ferdinand Marcos. Pemimpin politik Filipina turut menggalakkan penggunaan istilah-istilah tertentu berkaitan penulisan isu Sabah yang bertujuan untuk mencipta naratif bahawa Sabah pada hakikatnya masih milik Filipina namun ia telah “dirampas” oleh pihak British dan kemudiannya Persekutuan Tanah Melayu. Kajian ini merupakan kajian sejarah yang menggunakan kaedah kualitatif dengan menganalisis sumber-sumber primer seperti artikel akhbar, dokumen perjanjian, rekod-rekod kolonial British serta sumber sekunder.

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