Anjakan Paradigma dalam Kajian Keselamatan Insan di Asia Tenggara (Paradigm Shift on Human Security Research in Southeast Asia)

Bakri Mat, Zarina Othman, Mohd Kamal Omar

Abstract


Isu keselamatan, sama ada yang berbentuk tradisional ataupun bukan tradisional masih terus diperdebatkan hingga kini. Persoalannya, bagaimanakah pendekatan kajian keselamatan mempengaruhi landskap politik terutamanya di Asia Tenggara? Asia Tenggara amat relevan untuk di selidik kerana kepelbagaian isu yang masih belum reda seperti terorisme dan kemiskinan. Isu ini boleh mempengaruhi kestabilan rantau ditambah dengan kepelbagaian sistem politik dan ekonomi negara yang kompleks. Kajian ini menghujahkan bahawa walaupun negara di rantau ini terkebelakang dalam mengaplikasi konsep keselamatan insan, namun kes empirik menunjukkan ada yang telah berjaya mengarus perdanakannya seperti Thailand dan Filipina. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam konteks rantau Asia Tenggara, apa yang lebih menyedihkan adalah kerana kedua-dua pelaku negara dan pelaku bukan negara menjadi ancaman terhadap kelangsungan insan.  Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk menilai semula konsep keselamatan insan serta mengenal pasti perkembangan baru dan wacana di rantau Asia Tenggara. Kajian ini menggunakan analisis kandungan untuk menganalisis data-data primer dari sumber rasmi dan juga data sekunder dari sumber bercetak dan dalam talian. Hasil kajian menunjukkan walaupun ancaman terhadap negara merentas sempadan adalah semakin signifikan, implikasi terhadap kemanusiaan pula sering diabaikan kerana kesukaran berkompromi dalam isu kedaulatan negara. Jika era Perang Dingin berakhir dengan tiada pemenang antara dua kuasa besar, implikasinya telah mengorbankan banyak nyawa dalam siri peperangan proksi. Sebaliknya, dalam era selepas Perang Dingin, ancaman-ancaman yang timbul adalah lebih langsung menjejaskan manusia sejagat. Oleh itu, adalah wajar konsep keselamatan insan diperluas dan disuntik dengan elemen undang-undang dan kebertanggungjawaban dalam konteks masyarakat sivil untuk membolehkan keselamatan turut diterjemahkan kepada peningkatan kualiti hidup yang lebih baik, dan bukan semata-mata hanya untuk keujudan sebuah rejim dan negara.

Kata kunci: Asia Tenggara; kelangsungan hidup; keselamatan insan; masyarakat sivil; undang-undang


Abstract

Traditional and non-traditional security issues continue to be debated until today. The question raised is, how does security studies approach influence the political landscape particularly in the Southeast Asia region? Southeast Asia region is highly relevant to be examined due to a range of unsettled issues such as terrorism and poverty. These issues influence the stability of the region due to latter political and economic diversity and complexity. This study argues that, although states are lagging behind in applying the concept of human security in the region, the empirical evidence has shown that there are successful cases in mainstreaming the concept as  was done by Thailand and the Philippines. In addition, this region also note that , , both state and non-state actors are becoming threats to human security. The objectives of this study are to re-assess human security concept as well as to identify new developments and discourse in the Southeast Asian region. This study employs content analysis using official primary data as well as printed online secondary sources. Findings from the study reveals that although cross-border threats are increasing, the implications for humanity are often ignored due to the inability to compromise with national sovereignty issues. The Cold War ended with no victory between two major powers however causing loss of lives in the proxy wars. On the other hand, in the post Cold War, the threats are directly affected the humanity as a whole. Hence, this merit an expansion of the concept of human security  and an incorporateion  of the elements of law and accountability within the context of civil society. It also enables security to be translated as to improve quality of life and not merely to support the existence of a regime or a state.

Keywords: Southeast Asia; survival; human security; civil society; law



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