Strategi dan Struktur Kesantunan Melayu dalam Kritikan Mentor: Rancangan Realiti Televisyen (Strategies and Structures of Malay Politeness in Criticism on Mentor: A Reality Television Programme)

Indirawati Zahid, Nasihah Hashim

Abstract


Kritikan sering kali dilabelkan sebagai komen yang negatif. Namun kritikan juga boleh merupakan komen yang bersifat positif. Kritikan membawa maksud yang luas, iaitu ulasan. Dalam budaya Melayu, kritikan disampaikan dengan pelbagai cara, iaitu dengan penggunaan strategi dan struktur tertentu. Tujuan sesuatu kritikan dilakukan adalah untuk mencapai sesuatu objektif. Hal ini dapat dilihat dalam kritikan rancangan realiti televisyen Mentor. Data kritikan ini akan dianalisis dengan mengaplikasikan teori Brown & Levinson (1987) dan Asmah (2000). Gabungan kedua-dua teori ini berlandaskan konsep muka dan air muka. Hal ini membentuk pola strategi kesantunan dari perspektif Melayu. Pola strategi ini akan distrukturkan dalam teknik Sandwich (Davies & Jacobs,1985). Kajian ini menggunakan data Mentor musim 1, 2 dan 5. Data telah dimuat turun dan ditranskripsi untuk tujuan analisis teks. Ujaran juri tetap, juri berulang dan juri jemputan yang telah dianalisis dikelompokkan dalam pola-pola strategi kesantunan. Dapatan kajian memperlihatkan ketiga-tiga juri cenderung menggunakan pola strategi (berekod tanpa penyesuaian) + (berekod dengan penyesuaian kesantunan positif) + (berekod dengan penyesuaian kesantunan negatif), iaitu (BTP)+(BPKP)+(BPKN) dengan G3 dan G1 kesantunan Melayu dengan aplikasi struktur kritikan positif mengapit kritikan negatif. Dapatan ini membuktikan bahawa dalam menyampaikan kritikan, penutur Melayu masih menitikberatkan kesantunan dalam komunikasi.

 

Kata Kunci: strategi; struktur; kesantunan; kesantunan Melayu; kritikan

 

ABSTRACT

 

Criticism is often labelled as a negative comment. However, it can also be treated as a positive comment. The word ‘criticism’ has broad meanings, such as review.  In Malay culture, criticisms are presented in various ways by using certain strategies and structures. The purpose of criticism is to achieve an objective. This can be seen in the criticism given in Mentor; a reality television programme. The data of this criticism will be analyzed by applying Brown and Levinson (1987) and Asmah (2000) theories. The combinations of these two theories are based on the concept of face and personal honour. These formed patterns of politeness strategies from Malay perspectives. The strategy patterns will be structured in the Sandwich technique (Davies & Jacobs, 1985). This study used data from Mentor seasons 1, 2 and 5. Data were downloaded, transcribed and text analysis was conducted on the texts. Utterances from fixed juries, recurring juries and invited juries were analysed and grouped into strategy patterns of politeness. The findings of the analysis show that all the juries tends to use patterns of strategies (on record baldly) + (with redressive action positive politeness) + (with redressive action negative politeness), (BTP)+(BPKP)+(BPKN) with G3 and G1 Malay politeness; with a positive criticism flanking the negative criticism. This proves that while conveying criticism, Malay speakers are still concerned about politeness in communication.

Keywords: strategies; structure; politeness; Malay politeness; criticism


Keywords


strategi; struktur; kesantunan; kesantunan Melayu; kritikan

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adli Hj. Yacoob. (2007). Satu Analisis Ringkas Konsep dan Teori Sastera Islam di Malaysia. Jurnal Islamiyyat. Vol. 29, 3-34.

Arina Johari & Indirawati Zahid. (2016). Manifestasi Kesantunan Melayu dalam Ujaran Memberi dan Meminta Nasihat. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies. Vol. 16(2), 73-94.

Asmah Hj. Omar. (2000). Wacana Perbincangan, Perbahasan dan Perundingan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Awang Sariyan. (2007). Santun Bahasa. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Behnam, B. & Amizadeh, N. (2011). A Comparative Study of The Compliments and Compliment Responses between English and Persian TV Interviews. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies. Vol. 17(1), 65-78.

Brown, P. & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Danesi, M. (2009). Dictionary of Media and Communications. England : M.E.Sharpe.

Davies, D. & Jacobs, A. (1985). “Sandwiching” Complex Interpersonal Feedback. Small GroupBehavior. Vol. 16, 387-396.

Ervin-Tripp, S. (1972). Sociolinguistic Rules of Address. Dlm John, B. P. & Janet H. (pnyt.). Sociolinguistics (hlm. 225-241). Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Gagne, N.O. (2010). Reexamining the Notion of Negative Face in Japanese Sociolinguistic Politeness of Request. Journal Language & Communication. Vol. 30(2), 123-138.

Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M. & Signorielli, N. (1980). The ‘Mainstreaming’ of America: Violence profile no. 11. Journal of Communication. Vol. 30(3), 10-29.

Goffman, E. (1955). On Face Work: An Analysis of Ritual Elements in Social Interaction. Psychiatry. Vol. 18, 213-231.

Grice, H.P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. Dlm Cole, P. & Morgan, J. (pnyt.). Syntax and Semantics: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press.

Gumusok, F. (2017). An Investigation of Post-teaching Conferences: Politeness in Receiving Criticism. International Association of Research in Foreign Language Education and Applied Linguistics. ELT Research Journal. Vol. 6(1), 116-137.

Hasuria Che Omar. (2012). Analisis Wacana Kritis dalam Program Televisyen Raja Lawak dan Implikasinya Terhadap Psikososial Audiens di Malaysia. Jurnal Bahasa. Vol. 20(1), 60-86.

Itakura, H. & Tsui, A. B. M. (2011). Evaluation in Academic Discourse: Managing Criticism in Japanese and English Book Reviews. Journal of Pragmatics. Vol. 43. 1366-1379.

Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat. (2015). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Kumar, R. (2011). Research Methodology: A Step - by Step - Guide for Beginners. Washington D.C.: Sage.

Lakoff, R. T. (1973). The Logic of Politeness or Minding Tour P’s and Q’s. Dalam Papers from The Nineth Regional Meeting of The Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.

Leech, G.N. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.

Li, S. & Seale, C. (2007). Managing Criticism in PhD Supervision: A

Qualitative Case Study. Studies in Hinger Education. Vol. 32(4), 511-526.

Mansor Ahmad Saman. (1983). Satu Kumpulan Esei Media di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa Bahasa.

Mao Lu Ming, R. (1994). Beyond Politeness Theory: Face Revisted and Renewed. Journal of Pragmatics. Vol. 21, 451-486.

Matsumoto, Y. (1988). Reexamination of The Universality of Face: Politeness Phenomena in Japanese. Journal of Pragmatics. Vol. 12, 403-426.

Md. Adnan & Normaliza Abd Rahim. (2014). Kritikan Sosial dalam Filem Melayu Zombi Kampung Pisang. Journal of Business and Social Development. Vol. 2(2), 62-73.

Nadar, F.X. (2009). Pragmatik dan Penelitian Pragmatik. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.

Najeeb, Z.M, Marlyna Maros & Nor Fariza Mohd. Nor. (2012). Politeness in E-mails of Arab Students in Malaysia. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies. Vol. 12(1), 125-145.

Nor Fadzillah Baharudin. (2006, April 21). Mentor musim ke-2 bermula. Utusan Online. Retrieved from http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/

Noriati Abd. Rashid. (2005). Kesantunan Orang Melayu dalam Majlis Pertunangan. Tanjong Malim: Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.

Norsimah Mat Awal. (1997). Penggunaan Leksikal Bahasa Inggeris dalam Pertuturan Bahasa Melayu: Satu Kajian ke atas Satu Rancangan Televisyen. Journal of Language Teaching, Linguistics, and Literature. Vol. 4, 74-86.

Nuraini Yusoff, Marzalina Mansor, Nasihah Hashim, Faizah Ahmad & Ainal Akmar Ahmad. (2006). Pencemaran Bahasa di Televisyen: Pengacaraan Rancangan Hiburan. Laporan Penyelidikan Geran Universiti. Universiti Utara Malaysia.

Pentingnya Kritikan Sastera. (2017, January 14). Sinar Online. Retrieved from http://www.sinarharian.com.my/rencana/pentingnya-kritikan-sastera

Redmond, Mark V. (2015). Face and Politeness Theories. English Technical Reports and White Papers. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/engl_reports/2

Rohaidah Mashudi, Ahmad Mahmood Musanif, Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz & Hasnah Mohamad. (2013). Faktor Kesopanan dan Strategi Komunikasi dalam Genre Perbincangan di Televisyen. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies. Vol. 13(3), 163-178.

Sara Beden & Indirawati Zahid. (2016). Pemetaan Struktur Peristiwa Bahasa: Komunikasi Bebas Konflik. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies. Vol. 16(1), 67-87.

Sara Beden & Indirawati Zahid. (2017). Analisis Konteks Peristiwa Bahasa Melunas Rindu: Aplikasi Model Leech dan Grice. Akademika. Vol. 87(1), 17-34.

Schramm W., Lyle, J. & Parker, E. B. (1961). Television in The Lives of Our Children. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

Shayon, R. L. (1951). Television and Our Children. New York: Longmans, Green and Co.

Tenas Effendy. (2005). Tegak Menjaga Tuah, Duduk Memelihara Marwah. Yogjakarta: Balai Kajian dan Pengembangan Budaya Melayu.

Tenas Effendy. (2011). Kesantunan dan Semangat Melayu. Pekan Baru:

Tenas Effendy Foundation dan Akademi Pengajian Melayu.

Terjemahan Al-Quran Al Karim. (2009). Batu Caves, Selangor: Al-Hidayah House of Quran Sdn. Bhd.

Thomas, M. (2012, February 9). Six Reasons Why Criticsm is A Good Thing. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/

Wan Robiah Haji Meor Osman & Hamidah Abdul Wahab. (2018). Kesantunan Berbahasa Kaunselor Pelatih dalam Sesi Kaunseling. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies. Vol. 18(1), 252-269.

West, R. & Turner, L.H. (2000) Introducing Communication Theory: Analysis and Application. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Yanti Haryati. (2010). Strategi Narasumber dalam Mengkritik dan Merespons Tuturan dalam Acara Apa Kabar Indonesia Pagi TV One. Tesis Sarjana Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.

Yeung, N. T. (1997). Polite Request in English and Chinese Business Correspondence in Hong Kong. Journal of Pragmatics. Vol. 27, 505-522.

Zaidi Mohamad (2018, April 14). Mentor Otai cari bakat lebih berusia. BH Online. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/

Zhan, K. (1992). The Strategies of Politeness in Chinese Language. Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/gema-2018-1802-10

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


 

 

 

eISSN : 2550-2131

ISSN : 1675-8021