Hubungan Antara Gaya Kepimpinan dengan Komitmen Organisasi dan Hasrat Untuk Kekal: Penilaian Analisis Sobel (Relationship between Leadership Style with Organizational Commitment andIntention to Stay: Assessment via Sobel Analysis)

Zafir Khan Mohamed Makhbul, Mohd Iqhsan Shahfarie Ibrahim, Zaini Jamaludin

Abstract


Gaya kepimpinan merupakan salah satu atribut yang sering mendapat perhatian penyelidik. Karektor seseorang pemimpin merupakan faktor yang signifikan dalam menentukan kejayaan atau kegagalan sesebuah organisasi. Kajian ini menumpukan kepada gaya kepimpinan spiritual, gaya kepimpinan transformasional dan transaksional yang diamalkan oleh pemimpin politik dan pengaruhnya terhadap komitmen organisasi serta hasrat untuk kekal para pegawai parti politik yang dilantik. Gaya kepimpinan spiritual yang masih belum mendapat perhatian yang luas daripada para penyelidik menjadi fokus utama di dalam kajian ini. Secara spesifik, kajian ini turut menilai peranan faktor pengantara iaitu komitmen afektif dan normatif terhadap perhubungan antara gaya kepimpinan spiritual, transformasional dan transaksional dengan hasrat untuk kekal bersama institusi. Kajian dijalankan dalam kalangan Ahli-ahli Jawatankuasa UMNO Bahagian dan PAS Kawasan di seluruh negeri Selangor. Sejumlah 357 borang soal selidik telah dianalisis daripada 1,290 borang yang diedarkan. Pengujian hipotesis menggunakan kaedah analisis regresi berbilang dan analisis Sobel. Hasil kajian mendapati ketiga-tiga gaya kepimpinan memainkan peranan yang signifikan dalam meningkatkan tahap komitmen afektif dan normatif terhadap organisasi. Gaya kepimpinan juga didapati mempunyai hubungan yang positif dengan hasrat untuk kekal. Analisis kesan pengantara mendapati komitmen normatif berperanan sebagai pengantara kepada hubungan antara gaya kepimpinan spiritual, transformasional dan transaksional dengan hasrat untuk kekal. Dapatan kajian menyumbang kepada aspek teoretikal dan aplikasi pengurusan terutamanya berkaitan gaya kepimpinan spiritual.

Kata kunci: Gaya kepimpinan spiritual; transformasional; transaksional; komitmen organisasi; hasrat untuk kekal.


Abstract


Leadership style is one of the attributes that always garners researchers’ attention. A leader’s character is a significant factor that contributes to organizations’ success of failure. This research focuses on spiritual leadership style that gains very little attention from researchers, transformational and transactional leadership styles that are practiced by political leaders and the styles’ impacts towards organizational commitment and intention to stay among parties’ appointed committee members. Spiritual leadership styles that have not get much attention from researchers are the main focus of this study. Specifically, this research also examines the roles of affective and normative commitment as the mediating factors to the relationship of spiritual, transformational and transactional leadership styles and the intention to stay with an institution. This research was embarked on UMNO Divisions’ and PAS Zones’ committee members in Selangor. Out of 1,290 distributed questionnaires, 357 were analyzed. Hypothesis testing was done via Sobel and multiple regression analyses. The results reveal that all styles have significant roles in enhancing the committee members’ affective and normative commitment towards their organizations. The leadership style also has a positive relationship with the intention to stay. The mediating effect analysis discovers that normative commitment acts as a mediator to the relationship of spiritual, transformational and transactional leadership styles and the intention to stay. These findings contribute to the theoretical and managerial aspects especially that relate to spiritual leadership style.

Keywords: Spiritual leadership style; transformational; transactional; organizational commitment; intention to stay


Full Text:

PDF

References


Allen, N. J. dan Meyer, J. P. 1990. The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology 63: 1-18.

Al-Mailam, F. F. 2004. Transactional versus transformasional style of leadership-employee perception of leadership efficacy in public and private hospital in Kuwait. Quality Management in Health Care 13(4): 278-284.

Antonakis, J. dan Day, D. V. 2018. Leadership: Past, present, and future. In J. Antonakis dan D. V. Day (Eds.), The nature of leadership. Ed. Ke-3. United Kingdom: Sage Publications, Inc.

Antonakis, J., Avolio, B. J. dan Sivasubramaniam, N. 2003. Context and leadership: an examination of the nine-factor full range leadership theory using the multifactor leadership questionnaire. The Leadership Quarterly 14: 261-295.

Arndt, H. W. 1983. The role of political leadership in economic development. In Se-Hee, Y. (pnyt.) Political leadership and economic development: Korea and China: ISSS Research Series I, Hanyang University.

Baron, R. M. dan Kenny, D. A. 1986. The moderatormediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51(6): 1173-1182.

Bass, B. M. 1985. Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectation. New York. The Free Press.

Bass, B. M. dan Avolio, B. J. 1993. Transformational leadership: A respond to critiques. In Chemers, M.M dan Ayman. R. (pnyt.) Leadership Theory and Research: Perspectives and Directions. San Dieago, CA: Academic Press.

Bass, B. M dan Avolio, B. J. 1994. Introduction. In Bass, B.M dan Avolio, B.J (pnyt.). Improving Organizational Effectiveness Through Transformational Leadership. London: Sage Publications.

Bass, B. M. 1997. Does the Transactional – Transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries?. American Psychologist 52(2): 130-139.

Bass, B. M. dan Steidlmeier, P. 1999. Ethic, character and the authentic transformational leadership behavior. The Leadership Quarterly 10(2): 181-217.

Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I. dan Berson, Y. 2003. Predicting unit performance by assessing transformasional and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology 88: 207-218.

Blau, P. M. 1964. Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York, Wiley.

Burke, R. 2006. Leadership and spirituality. Foresight. Emerald Group Publishing 8(6): 14-25.

Burns, J. M. 1978. Leadership. New York. Harper dan Row.

Bycio, P., Hackett, R. D. dan Allen, J. S. 1995. Further assessments of Bass’s (1985) conceptualization of

transactional and transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology 80(4): 468-478.

Chakraborty, S. K. dan Chakraborty, D. 2004. The transformed leader and spiritual psychology: a few insights. Journal of Organizational Change Management 17(2): 194-210.

Chew, J. dan Chan, C. C. A. 2008. Human resource practices, organizational commitment and intention to stay. International Journal of Manpower 29(6):503-522.

Dent, E. B., Higgins, M. E. dan Wharff, D. M. 2005. Spirituality and leadership: An empirical review of definitions, distinctions and embedded assumptions. The Leadership Quarterly 16: 625-653.

Druckman, D. 1998. Social exchange theory: Premises and prospects. International Negotiation 3: 253-266.

Delbecq, A. L. 1999. Christian spirituality and contemporary business leadership. Journal of Organizational Change Management 12(4): 345-349.

Eagly, A. H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. dan Van Engen, M. L. 2003. Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: A meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological Bulletin 129(4): 569-591.

Fairholm, G. W. 1996. Spiritual leadership: Fulfilling whole-self needs at work. Leadership dan Organizational Development Journal 17(5): 11-17.

Fernando, M., Beale, F. dan Geroy, G. D. 2009. The spiritual dimension in leadership at Dilmah Tea. Leadership dan Organization Development Journal 30(6): 522-539.

Fry, L. W. 2003. Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly 14: 693-727.

Fry, L. W., Vitucci, S. dan Cedillo, M. 2005. Spiritual leadership and army transformation: Theory, measurement and establishing a baseline. The Leadership Quarterly 16: 835-862.

Fry, L. W. dan Cohen, M. P. 2009. Spiritual leardership as a paradigm for organizational transformation and recovery from extended work hours culture. Journal of Business Ethics 84: 265-278.

Haji Hamil, J. 2003. Kepimpinan politik: Pola Kepimpinan Politik UMNO. Akademika 62(1): 17-39.

House, R. J. 1996. Path-goal theory of leadership: Lessons, legacy, and a reformulated theory. Leadership Quarterly 7: 323-352.

Howard, S. 2002. A spiritual perspective on learning in the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology 17(3): 230-242.

Howard, W. C. 2005. Leadership: Four styles. Education 126(2): 384-391.

Jong, J. P. J. dan Hortog, D. N. 2007. How leaders influence employees’ innovative behavior. European Journal of Innovation Management 10(1): 41-64.

Ismail, M.M., Abdullah, A., Hassan, N.A. dan Md Nor, M.S. 2020. Perkembangan Politik Era Malaysia Baharu : Pandangan Eksklusif. Akademika 90 (Isu Khas 1): 161-174.

Kakabadse, N. K., Kouzmin, A. dan Kakabadse, A. 2002. Spiritual and leadership praxis. Journal of Managerial Psychology 17(3): 165-182.

Ke Guek Nee. 2008. Kecerdasan Emosi dan Gaya Kepimpinan: Hubungan dan Kesan ke Atas Kepuasan, Tekanan, Prestasi dan Niat Berhenti Kerja. Unpublished Doctoral Disertation, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Koh, W. L., Steers, R. M. dan Terborg, J. R. 1995. The effect of transformational leadership on teacher attitudes and student’s performance in Singapore. Journal of Organizational Behaviour 16(4): 319-333.

Krejcie, R. V. dan Morgan, D. W. 1970. Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychology Measurement 30: 607-610.

Kumar, R. 2017. Spritual leadership and its impact in organization performance. Journal of Commerce and Trade XII(2): 98-105.

Lawler, E. J. dan Yoon, J. 1996. Commitment in exchange relations: test of a theory of relations cohesion. American Sociology Review 61: 89-108.

Lawler, E. J. dan Thye, S. R. 1999. Bringing emotions into Social Exchange Theory. Annual Review of Sociology 25: 217-244.

Liu, Y. 2009. Perceived organizational support and expatriate organizational citizenship behavior: the mediating role of affective commitment towards the parent company. Personnel Review 38(3): 307-319.

Lok, P. dan Crawford, J. 2004. The effect of organizational culture and leadership style on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Journal of Management Development 23(4): 321-338.

Lussier, R. N dan Achua, C. F. 2007. Leadership: Theory, Application and Skill Development. Thomson SouthWestern.

Meng, Y. 2016. Spritual leadership at the workplace: Perspective and theories. Biomed Rep. 5(4): 408-412.

Courage, M., Forget, K. dan Richard, M. 2019. Factors influencing women political participation: The case of the SADC region. Cogent Social Sciences 5:1.

Mohd Fauzi, M.F., Johani, F.H., Liang, O.A., Rani, N. dan Daud, F. 2019. Hubungan antara Persepsi Gaya Kepimpinan di Tempat Kerja dan Stres Pekerjaan Pekerja. Akademika 89(3): 63-74.

Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M. dan Porter, L. W. 1979. The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior 14: 224-247.

Mullins, L. J. 2005. Management and Organisational Behaviour. Ed. Ke-7. New York: Prentice Hall.

Nik Mutasim Nik Ab. Rahman. 2001. A Multidimensional Approach to the Study of Organizational Commitment: Empirical Evidence from a Malaysian Context. PhD Disertation, Strathclyde University, Glasgow.

Nguni, S., Sleegers, P. dan Denessen, E. 2006. Transformational and transactional leadership effects on teachers’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior in primary schools: The Tanzanian case. School Effectiveness and School Improvement 17(2):145-177.

Nurul Hudani, M.N., Marof, R. dan Noor Hisham, M.N.2013. Pengaruh Aspek Kecerdasan Emosi Terhadap Tingkah Laku Kepimpinan Transformasi dalam Kalangan Pemimpin Pendidik Sekolah. Akademika 83(2dan3): 3-11.

Paige, G. D. 1977. The Scientific Study of Political Leadership. London: The Free Press.

Preacher, K. J. dan Leornadelli, G. J. 2006. Calculation for the Sobel Test. http://www.people.ku.edu/~preacher/sobel/sobel.htm

Quatro, S. A., Waldman, D. A. dan Galvin, B. M.2007. Developing holistic leaders: Four domains for leadership development and practice. Human Resource Management Review 17: 427-441.

Ramanathan. K. 2003. Asas sains politik. Ed. Ke-3. Fajar Bakti: Kuala Lumpur.

Reave, L. 2005. Spiritual value and practices related to leadership effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly 16: 655-687.

Rego, A., dan e-Cunha, M. P. 2008. Workplace spirituality and organizational commitment: an empirical study. Journal of Organizational Change Management 21(1): 53-75.

Ringgio, R. E. 1999. Introduction to Industrial /Organization Psychology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J. dan Litzman. 1970. Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organization. Administrative Science Quarterly 15: 150-163.

Rowold, J. 2008. Effects of transactional and transformational leadership of Pastors. Pastoral Psychol. 56: 403-411.

Sahin, S. 2004. The relationship between transformational and transactional leadership style of school principals and school culture (The case of Izmir, Turkey). Educational Sciences: Theory dan Practice 4(2): 387:396.

Saidon, N.R., Daud, S. dan Samsudin, M. 2017. Faktor Kepimpinan dan Gender dalam Penglibatan Politik Wanita di Malaysia (1980-2013). Akademika Journal 87(3): 61-73.

Sarabi Asiabar, A. dan Saleh Ardestani, A. 2018. Factors affecting the leadership effectiveness of hospital managers: A systematic review. Med J Islam Repub Iran 32:6.

Schermerhorn, J. R., Hunt, J. G. dan Osborn, R. N. 1982. Managing Organizational Behavior. New York: John Wiley dan Sons.

Somers, M. J. 1995. Organizational Commitment, turn over and absenteeism: An examination of direct and interaction effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior 16: 49-58.

Sun, J. 2004. Understanding the impact of perceived principal leadership style on teacher commitment. International Schools and Education Advancement 32(2): 18-31.

Tamadonfar, M. 1989. The Islamic Polity and Political Leadership: Fundamentalism, Sectarianism and Pragmatism. London: Westview Press.

Vroom, V. H. 1964. Work and Motivation. New York: Wiley.

Wang, M., Guo, T., Ni, Y., Shang, S. dan Tang, Z. 2019. The effect of spritual leadership on employee effectiveness: An intrinsic motivation perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 9: 2627.

Watson, G. W. dan Papamarcos, S. D. 2002. Social capital and organizational commitment. Journal of Business and Psychology 16(4): 537-552.

Wilson, F. L. 1996. Concepts and Issues in Comparative Politics: An Introduction to Comparative Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Yammarino, F. J. 1994. Indirect leadership: Transformational leadership at a distance. In Bass, B. M dan Avolio, B. J. 1994.

(pnyt.) Improving Organizational Effectiveness Through Transformational Leadership. London: Sage Publications.

Yulk, G. 1999. An evaluation of conceptual weaknesses in transformational and charismatic leadership theories. The Leadership Quarterly 10: 285-305.

Yulk, G. 2006. Leadership in Organizations. Ed. ke-6. Pearson Prentice Hall: New Jersey.

Zeffane, R. 1994. Patterns of organizational commitment and perceived management style: A comparison of public and private sector employees. Human Relation 47(8): 977-1010.

Zwart, G. 2000. The Relationship between Spirituality and Transformational Leadershipi Public, Private and Non-Profit Sector Organization. Unpublished dissertation abstract, International University of La Verne, CA.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ISSN: 0126-5008

eISSN: 0126-8694