An Optimality Analysis of Malay Loanwords in Japanese (Analisis Optimaliti Kata Pinjaman Bahasa Melayu dalam Bahasa Jepun)

Aznur Aisyah, Zaharani Ahmad

Abstract


ABSTRACT

This study aimed to examine and explain the phonology of Malay loanwords in Japanese using Optimality Theory. The analysis was based on secondary data extracted from the Senyum magazine published in Malaysia that utilises Japanese language in its writing. The relevant data which was selected manually, was then analysed and explained using a constraints-based approach of Optimality Theory. This article focuses on vowel lengthening and epenthesis repair strategies that occur during the borrowing process from Malay to Japanese. The vowel lengthening repair strategy followed by vowel epenthesis are evoked from the syllable structure of Japanese, particularly the coda condition. The word that ends with /CVC/ (Consonant+ar/or/ur) will be changed to /CV:CV/ (Consonant+ a:ɾɯ/ o:ɾɯ/ ɯ:ɾɯ). This kind of loanword adaptation process will undergo vowel lengthening and the coda consonant will resyllabified as an onset of the following syllable. This study has suggested a set of markedness and faithfulness constraints that are hierarchically ranked in the grammar. The interaction between the constraints has successfully been accounted for the phonology of loanword adaptation in Japanese. The increase in the number of Japanese in Malaysia since the implementation of Malaysia My Second Home programme has led to a wider exposure of Malay words to the Japanese. Therefore, this research will not only benefit linguists, it will also enhance the Malaysian society’s understanding of Japanese pronunciation as it differs from the Malay phonology. It will help to eliminate the confusion that may occur during conversation between Japanese and Malays and vice versa.

Keywords:  Japanese phonology, optimality theory, Malay phonology, loanword, coda condition

 

ABSTRAK

 

Kajian ini bertujuan menghuraikan dan menjelaskan fenomena perubahan fonologi yang berlaku dalam kata pinjaman bahasa Melayu yang diserap masuk ke dalam bahasa Jepun menggunakan kerangka Teori Optimaliti. Sumber kajian ini merupakan data sekunder dari majalah Senyum yang diterbitkan di Malaysia dalam bahasa Jepun. Data yang relevan telah dipilih secara manual dan kemudian dianalisis dan diterangkan berdasarkan pendekatan kekangan dalam teori Optimaliti. Kertas kerja ini memfokuskan mengenai fenomena pemanjangan vokal dan penyisipan yang berlaku semasa proses peminjaman kata bahasa Melayu ke dalam Bahasa Jepun akibat daripada kekangan struktur suku kata khususnya syarat koda. Kata yang diakhiri dengan struktur suku kata /KVK/ (Konsonan+ar/or/ur) akan berubah menjadi /KV:KV/  (Konsonan+ a:ɾɯ/ o:ɾɯ/ ɯ:ɾɯ). Strategi perubahan fonologi ini melibatkan pemanjangan vokal dan konsonan yang berada di posisi koda pula melalui penyukuan semula dengan menjadi onset serta diikuti dengan penyisipan vokal. Kajian ini telah mencadangkan susunan set kekangan kebertandaan dan kesetiaan bagi setiap kes yang dibincangkan. Interaksi antara kekangan-kekangan ini berjaya menangani dan menjelaskan fenomena perubahan fonologi yang berlaku secara teoretis. Peningkatan jumlah masyarakat Jepun di Malaysia sejak program Malaysia My Second Home dilancarkan telah menjadikan orang Jepun lebih terdedah kepada perkataan dalam bahasa Melayu. Oleh yang demikian, kajian ini bukan sahaja memberi manfaat kepada ahli linguistik, tetapi juga kepada masyarakat Malaysia untuk memahami sebutan bahasa Jepun yang didapati berbeza daripada fonologi bahasa Melayu, dan ini dapat mengelakkan daripada berlakunya kekeliruan semasa berkomunikasi diantara orang Melayu dan orang Jepun dan sebaliknya.

 

Kata kunci: Fonologi bahasa Jepun; teori optimaliti; fonologi bahasa Melayu; kata pinjaman; syarat koda 


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