Pandemik Covid-19, Norma Baharu dan Cabaran Wartawan Berita Kesihatan di Malaysia
Abstract
Pandemik Covid-19 telah mengubah rutin kehidupan manusia kepada suatu norma yang baharu. Perubahan tersebut mencetuskan pelbagai implikasi dan perselisihan pandangan dari sudut agama, sosial, peradaban, profesionalisme, dan hak asasi sejagat. Industri media dan kerjaya kewartawanan tidak terkecuali malahan turut menerima tempias kekangan ekonomi, pengurangan kakitangan sehingga membawa kepada penutupan agensi berita. Pematuhan terhadap Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan dan Prosedur Operasi Standard (SOP) norma baharu yang diperkenalkan telah disesuaikan dengan norma semasa yang akhirnya membawa kepada perubahan bilik berita dan rutin kerja wartawan. Kajian ini berbentuk penerokaan yang meneliti kerjaya wartawan berita kesihatan di Malaysia menyesuaikan aspek profesionalisme, norma kerja dan teknologi mereka ketika bertugas dalam situasi pandemik. Berdasarkan temu bual mendalam dengan wartawan, sub-editor dan editor berita kesihatan dari pelbagai agensi berita, kajian ini mendapati bahawa mereka mampu menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan dan keadaan semasa serta menanam norma fleksibiliti tanpa membelakangkan etika profesional. Dalam masa yang singkat, wartawan berita kesihatan dilihat mampu untuk bertindak dengan mengatur kerja secara jarak jauh atau dari rumah, perjumpaan dengan sumber berita secara dalam talian dan memperkukuhkan struktur bilik berita digital menerusi komunikasi maya dan aplikasi media sosial. Wartawan berita kesihatan di Malaysia juga dilihat mempunyai aspirasi dan jati diri yang tinggi dalam kerjaya mereka dengan meletakkan keutamaan kepada tanggungjawab sosial berbanding kebimbangan peribadi terhadap virus Covid-19.
Kata kunci: Norma baharu, cabaran, Covid-19, wartawan berita kesihatan, budaya bilik berita.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdullah, N. A. A., Rahmat, N. H., Zawawi, F. Z., Khamsah, M. A. N., & Anuarsham, A. H. (2020). Coping with Post Covid-19: Can work from home be a new norm? European Journal of Social Sciences Studies, 5(6), 61-81. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejsss.v5i6.933
Aitamurto, T., & Varma, A. (2018). The constructive role of journalism. Journalism Practice, 12(6), 695-713. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1473041
Antwi-Boasiako, K. (2017). Reporting health emergency outbreaks_ African journalists on the frontlines of Ebola coverage [Doctor of Philosophy, the Scripps College of Communication of Ohio University].
Arao, D. A., Brooten, L., Custodio, P. A., Du, R., Rivera, M. T. M., & Zhang, N. Y. (2020). Fighting infodemics. Taylor & Francis.
Astrid, A. F. (2020). Jurnalisme positif ala portal Republika pada isu Covid-19. Jurnal Mercusuar, 1(1), 150-161.
Bernadas, J. M. A. C., & Ilagan, K. (2020). Journalism, public health, and COVID-19: Some preliminary insights from the Philippines. Media International Australia, 177(1), 132-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878x20953854
Choi, M., & McKeever, B. W. (2019). News framing of avian flu: Media advocacy and response to a public health crisis. Newspaper Research Journal, 40(4), 451-466. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739532919855790
Christians, C. G., Glasser, T., McQuail, D., Nordenstreng, K., & White, R. A. (2010). Normative theories of the media: Journalism in democratic societies. University of Illinois Press.
Duncan, K., Hook, T., Porter, K., Cornwell, P., & Gonzalez, C. (2020). Global journalist: Photojournalists on working through a pandemic. MO Space.
https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/72837/GJ2020-04-16-transcript.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
Edimo, A. (2016). In the Backstage of the 2014 Ebola crisis news coverage_ A focus on the lived experience of involved African journalists [Master of Arts (Journalism Studies, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada].
Elengoe, A. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak in Malaysia. Osong Public Health Res Perspect, 11(3), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.3.08
Finneman, T., & Thomas, R. J. (2021). “You had to be reporting constantly”: COVID-19’s impact on US weekly newspapers’ journalistic routines. Newspaper Research Journal, 42(3), 330-345.
Garcia, J. L., Matos, J. N., & da Silva, P. A. (2021). Journalism in state of emergency: An analysis of the effects of the Covid-19 pandemics on journalists’ employment relationships. Comunicação e Sociedade, 39, 269-285. https://doi.org/jpj9
Gato, J., Barrientos, J., Tasker, F., Miscioscia, M., Cerqueira-Santos, E., Malmquist, A., . . . Wurm, M. (2021). Psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and mental health among LGBTQ+ young adults: A cross-cultural comparison across six nations. Journal of Homosexuality, 68(4), 612-630. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2020.1868186
Gong, J., Zanuddin, H., Hou, W., & Xu, J. (2021). Media attention, dependency, self-efficacy, and prosocial behaviours during the outbreak of COVID-19: A constructive journalism perspective. Global Media and China, 7(1), 81–98. https://doi.org/gkj2xb
Guðmundsson, B. (2020). Icelandic newsrooms in a pandemic mode. Icelandic Review on Politics & Administration, 16(2), 147-160. https://doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2020.16.2.4
Hakimi, F. (2020, October 5). Wartawan pulang dari PRN Sabah positif Covid-19, ramai lagi senasib rupanya. Sinar Harian. https://m.sinarharian.com.my/mobile-article?articleid=122505
Hammer, C., Boender, T. S., & Thomas, D. (2021). Social media for field epidemiologists (#SoMe4epis): How to use Twitter during the #COVID19 pandemic. Int J Infect Dis, 110(1), S11-S16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.035
Haron, H. H., & Daud, M. (2021). Pandemik COVID-19 di Malaysia: Mengurus infodemik melalui Majlis akhbar. Kanun: Jurnal Undang-undang Malaysia, 33(2), 239-268.
Hilton, S., & Hunt, K. (2011). UK newspapers' representations of the 2009-10 outbreak of swine flu: one health scare not over-hyped by the media? J Epidemiol Community Health, 65(10), 941-946. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2010.119875
Hooker, C., King, C., & Leask, J. (2012). Journalists’ views about reporting avian influenza and a potential pandemic: A qualitative study. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 6(3), 224-229.
Ihekweazu, C. (2017). Ebola in prime time: A content analysis of sensationalism and efficacy information in U.S. nightly news coverage of the Ebola outbreaks. Health Communication, 32(6), 741-748. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1172287
Ismail, A., Aripin, N., & Sim, D. M. C. (2021). Pembingkaian analisis berita dalam Facebook mengenai Covid-19: Langkah, punca dan laporan jangkitan. Asian People Journal (APJ), 4(2), 161-175.
Jukes, S., Fowler-Watt, K., & Rees, G. (2021). Reporting the Covid-19 pandemic: Trauma on our own doorstep. Digital Journalism, 10(6), 997-1014.
Kim, Y. (2020). Outbreak news production as a site of tension: Journalists’ news-making of global infectious disease. Journalism, 23(1), 171–188. https://doi.org/gk7kn8
Klemm, C., Das, E., & Hartmann, T. (2016). Swine flu and hype: A systematic review of media dramatization of the H1N1 influenza pandemic. Journal of Risk Research, 19(1), 1-20.
Klemm, C., Das, E., & Hartmann, T. (2017). Changed priorities ahead: Journalists’ shifting role perceptions when covering public health crises. Journalism, 20(9), 1223-1241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917692820
Lakshmi, P. R., Zalina, M. K., & Afida, M. A. (2017). Combating H1N1: Metaphors of war in a Malaysian newspaper. Journal of Language and Communication, 4(1), 84-94.
Le, Y. (2021). Constructive journalism in China: Research and practice. Social Sciences in China, 42(2), 145-168.
Libert, M., Le Cam, F., & Domingo, D. (2021). Belgian journalists in lockdown: Survey on employment and working conditions and representations of their role. Journalism Studies, 23(5-6), 588-610. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1944280
Menke, M., Kinnebrock, S., Kretzschmar, S., Aichberger, I., Broersma, M., Hummel, R., . . . Salaverría, R. (2016). Convergence culture in european newsrooms. Journalism Studies, 19(6), 881-904. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2016.1232175
Miranda, J., Fidalgo, J., & Martins, P. (2021). Journalism in time of pandemic: New professional routines, new ethical challenges. Comunicação e Sociedade, 39, 287-307.
Majlis Keselamatan Negara (MKN). (2012). Arahan No. 20 (Semaka semula): Dasar dan mekanisma pengurusan pegurusan bencana negara. MY: Jabatan Perdana Menteri.
Muhamad, H. (2020, 5 Oktober 2020). "Saya macam tak percaya..." - Wartawan positif COVID-19 selepas selesai PRN Sabah. Astro Awani.
https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/saya-macam-tak-percaya-wartawan-positif-covid19-selepas-selesai-prn-sabah-262211
Mustaffa, N., Sannusi, S. N., Hasan, A. S. A., Zuwairi, M., & Saad, M. (2017). Journalism and news industry in Malaysia: New media, new challenges. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity, 14(6), 73-80.
Nee, R. C., & Chacón, L. M. C. (2021). Live from my living room: Perceived organizational support among TV news workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Electronic News, 15(3–4), 75–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/19312431211035129
Osmann, J., Selva, M., & Feinstein, A. (2021). How have journalists been affected psychologically by their coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic? A descriptive study of two international news organisations. BMJ open, 11(7), e045675.
Peng, H. J., & Saleh, M. S. M. (2022). Pelaporan berita Covid-19 dalam Malaysiakini dan The Star. Asian Journal of Applied Communication (AJAC), 12(S2), 47-60.
Perreault, M. F., & Perreault, G. P. (2021). Journalists on COVID-19 journalism: Communication ecology of pandemic reporting. American Behavioral Scientist, 65(7), 976-991.
Porcu, O. (2020). Exploring innovative learning culture in the newsroom. Journalism, 21, 1556-1572.
Pui, G. S., & Balaraman, R. A. (2022). Framing Covid-19 vaccination: A study of Malaysian mainstream and alternative online news portals/Pui Gou Siang and Rani Ann Balaraman. Paper presented at the Forum Komunikasi.
Sadri, S. R., Buzzelli, N. R., Gentile, P., & Billings, A. C. (2021). Sports journalism content when no sports occur: Framing athletics amidst the COVID-19 international pandemic. Communication & Sport, 10(3), 493–516. https://doi.org/jpkd
Saleh, M. S. M., Omar, B., & Balaraman, R. A. (2021). Anatomi kewartawanan kontemporari di Malaysia. Penerbit USM.
Salzmann, A., Guribye, F., & Gynnild, A. (2020). “We in the mojo community” – Exploring a global network of mobile journalists. Journalism Practice, 15(5), 620-637. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1742772
Shoemaker, P. J., & Reese, S. D. (2013). Mediating the message in the 21st century: A media sociology perspective. Routledge.
Soh, N. A. C. (2021). Keutuhan wacana dalam infografik Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia berhubung pandemik Covid-19 menerusi Instagram Berita Harian. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 37(2), 83-97. https://doi.org/jpkg
Thompson, E. E. (2019). Communicating a Health Risk/Crisis: Exploring the experiences of journalists covering a proximate epidemic. Science Communication, 41(6), 707-731. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547019878875
Zakaria, S. M., & Tauhaid, N. S. M. (2018). Cabaran membesarkan anak-anak autisme daripada perspektif ibu. Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 32(1), 58-71.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
e-ISSN: 2289-1528