HIV Positif & Komunikasi: Cabaran Mengekalkan Pola Komunikasi Berkesan dalam Kalangan Penghidap Wanita
Abstract
Cabaran bergelar seorang penghidap Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positif sukar digambarkan sama ada oleh penghidap mahupun anggota masyarakat. Jangkitan HIV positif penuh dengan label dan konotasi negatif, stigma dan diskriminasi sehingga penghidap HIV positif tidak diterima dalam masyarakat. Dalam banyak situasi, keluarga juga tidak menerima kehadiran ahli yang dijangkiti HIV positif sehingga ada yang dipulau, disisih dan dihalau. Penghidap HIV positif wanita yang dijangkiti HIV positif bukan sahaja bergelut dengan tahap kesihatan tidak menentu, tetapi ada pelbagai cabaran terpaksa dihadapi mereka seperti perubahan dalam konteks komunikasi. Komunikasi sangat penting kepada penghidap wanita sebagai sumber kekuatan diri, terutamanya daripada ahli keluarga dan anggota masyarakat. Perubahan pola komunikasi dalam kalangan penghidap HIV positif wanita ini memerlukan satu penelitian tentang sebab masalah ini berlaku dan punca yang menyukarkan mereka mengekalkan pola komunikasi berkesan. Satu kajian telah dijalankan ke atas 20 orang wanita HIV positif di sekitar Terengganu dan Kelantan menggunakan kaedah temu bual secara mendalam. Kajian mendapati bahawa, penghidap HIV positif wanita sukar mendapatkan pola komunikasi berkesan sama ada dalam lingkungan keluarga mahupun luar lingkungan keluarga. Salah satu faktor adalah penghidap itu sendiri yang memilih untuk tidak berkongsi masalah dihadapi mereka (mengelak, mengasingkan diri). Manakala faktor lain ialah anggota masyarakat yang mengelak untuk bertemu atau berhubung dengan mereka setelah status HIV positif dalam diri diketahui oleh pihak lain. Akhirnya penghidap HIV positif wanita memilih untuk berkelakuan seperti individu sihat sebagai salah satu strategi kehidupan mereka. Secara tidak langsung komunikasi mereka berlaku dengan baik kerana tiada pihak yang mengetahui status kesihatan mereka yang sebenarnya.
Kata kunci: Komunikasi, cabaran, penghidap wanita, HIV positif, kesejahteraan hidup.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Afolabi, T. O. (2018). From “Their stigma” to “my stigma”: An examination of the “Skul Konekt” project among adolescents in North-Central region of Nigeria. Journal of SAGE Open, 8(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018794800
Ahmed, S., Autrey, J., Katz, I. T., Fox, M. P., Rosen, S., Onoya, D., Barnighausen, T., Mayer, K. H., & Bor, J. (2018). Why do people living with HIV not initiate treatment? Asystematic review of qualitative evidence from low- and middle income countries. Journal of Social Science & Medicine, 213(13), 72-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.05.048
Augustyn, H., Witt, P. D., & Franzsen, D. (2020). The effect of HIV status on post-stroke outcomes in personal activities of daily living. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 83(11), 710-718. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308022620902683
Bergman, L., Britton, A., & Kneck, A. (2017). Health-related stigma related to leprosy: What can be learned from nurses in Ghana? Nordic Journal of Nursing Research, 38(2), 96-102. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057158517719603
Bernama. (2010, Disember 5). Nisbah wanita hidap AIDS meningkat berbanding lelaki. mStar Online. https://www.mstar.com.my/lokal/semasa/2010/12/05/nisbah-wanita-hidap-aids-meningkat-berbanding-lelaki
Branicki, L., Kalfa, S., & Brammer, S. (2020). Conceptualizing responsible return to work: Corporate social responsibility in relation to employee return to work after cancer. Journal of Work, Employment and Society, 1-24. https://doi.org/gxnv
Boon-yasidhi, V., Torsakul, S., Durier, Y., Sittanomai, N., Kuntasorn, J., & Chokephaibulkit, K. (2021). Disclosure of HIV status to sexual partners among perinatally HIV-infected youth in Thailand. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 32(4), 361-367. https://doi.org/gwwc
Cianelli, R., Villegas, N., Oliveira, D. G., Sailssman, S., Montano, N. P., Martinez, A. S., Toledo, C., Sandalaula, M., & Sanchez, H. (2020). Exploring the psychosocial impact of living with HIV on minority olders women. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390320927462
Dickey, S. L., Mattheews, C., & Millender, E. (2020). An exploration of precancer and post-cancer diagnosis and health communication among African American Prostate cancer servivors and their families. American Journal of Men’s Health, 14(13), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988320927202.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). (2015, December 21). What you should know: HIV/AIDS & employment discrimination. https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/what-you-should-know-hivaids-employment-discrimination
Fearnley, R., & Boland, J. W. (2017). Communication and support from health-care professionals to families, with dependent children, following the diagnosis of parental life-limiting illness: A systematic review. Palliative Medicine, 31(3), 212-222. https://doi.org/gwwb
French, K. A., Dumani, S., Allen, T. D., & Shockley, K. M. (2018). A meta-analysis of work-family conflict and social support. Psychological Bulletin, 144(3), 284-314. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000120
Gibbs, C., Melvin, D, Foster, C. & Evangeli, M. (2018). ‘I don’t even know how to start that kind of conversation’: HIV communication between mothers and adolescent with perinatally acquired HIV. Journal of Health Psychology, 25(10-11), 1341-1354. https://doi.org/gwv9
Gils, S. V., Quaquebeke, N. V., Borkowski, J., & Knippenberg, D. V. (2018). Respectful leadership: Reducing performance challenges posed by leader role incongruence and gender dissmilarity. Journal of Human Relations, 71(12), 1590-1610. https://doi.org/gfgj8c
Halina Mohd Noor, & Nor Hatina Shuib. (2019, April 27). Pesakit HIV derita kesan diskriminasi. Berita Harian Online.
https://www.bharian.com.my/wanita/sihat/2019/04/557662/pesakit-hiv-derita-kesan-diskriminasi
Infante, C., Aggleton, P., & Pridmore, P. (2009). Forms and determinants of migration and HIV/AIDS-related stigma on the Mexican-Guatemalan border. Qualitative Health Research, 19(12), 1656-1668. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732309353909
Kidman, R., & Violari, A. (2020). Growing up positive: Adolescent HIV disclosure to sexual partners and others. Journal of AIDS Care, 32(15), 1565-1572. https://doi.org/gwv8
Kimera, E., Vindevogel, S., Reynaert, D., Justice, K. M., Rubaihayo, J., Maeyer, J. D., Engelen, A-M., Musanje, K., & Bilsen, J. (2020). Experiences and effects of HIV-related stigma among youth living with HIV/AIDS in Western Uganda: A photovoice study. Journal of PLOS One, 14(4), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232359
Mahmoud, K. F., Finnell, D., Lindsay, D., MacFarland, C., Marze, H. D., Scolieri, B. B., & Mitchell, A. M. (2018). Can screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment education and clinical exposure affect nursing students stigma perception toward alcohol and opioid use? Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 25(6), 467-475. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390318811570
Mashrom Muda, & Rahimah Abdul Aziz. (2016). Hidup membujang atau berpasangan: Satu kajian dilema bagi wanita HIV/AIDS di Pantai Timur Semenanjung Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 12(5), 33-43. https://ejournal.ukm.my/gmjss/article/view/17920
Mashrom Muda. (2018). Wanita dan jangkitan HIV positif: Kualiti kehidupan dan pemerkasaan diri [Tesis Doktor Falsafah tidak diterbitkan]. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Mashrom Muda, Rahimah Abdul Aziz, & Azlina Abdullah. (2020). Realiti kehidupan penghidap HIV positif wanita dan sokongan sosial. Dlm. Rahimah Abdul Aziz, Nur Hafizah Yusoff & Azlina Abdullah (pnyt.), Pembangunan sosial, identiti dan integriti (hlm. 62-79). Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Maulsby, C. H., Ratnayake, A., Hesson, D., Mugavero, M. J., & Latkin, C. A. (2020). A scoping review of employment and HIV. Journal of AIDS and Behavior. 24(10), 2942-2955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02845-x
Mbonu, N. C., den Borne, B. V., & De Vires, N. K. (2010). Gender-related power differences, belief and reactions towards people living with HIV/AIDS: An urban study in Nigeria. BMC Public Health, 10(334), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-334
Molokwane, M., & Madiba, S. (2021). Truth, deception and coercion: Communication strategies used by caregivers of children with perinatally acquired HIV during the pre-disclosure and post-disclosure period in rural communities in South Africa. Global Pediatric Health, 8, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X211022269
Muhammad Basir Roslan. (2020, November 30). Stigma terhadap penghidap HIV/AIDS masih menebal dalam kalangan masyarakat? Bernama.
https://www.bernama.com/bm/rencana/news.php?id=1906816
Ojebuyi, B. R., Fagbamigble, A. F. & Akinola, O. O. (2020). Prevalence of and factor influencing parent-child communication about HIV/AIDS, and sexual and reproductive health issues in Nigeria. Journal of SAGE Open, 9(1), https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019833880
Reback C. J., Clark, K., Fletcher, J. B., & Holloway, I. W. (2019). A multilevel analysis of social network characteristics and technology use on HIV risk and protective behaviors among transgender women. Journal of AIDS Behavior, 23(5), 1353-1367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02391-1
Schatz, E., David, I., Angoti, Gomez-Olive, F. X., & Mojola, S. A. (2021). From “secret” to “sensitive issue”: Shifting ideas about HIV disclosure among middle-aged and older rural South Africans in the era of antiretroviral treatment. Journal of Aging and Health, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/08982643211020202
Schulz-Knappe, C., & Hoeven, C. T. (2020). Family-spesific social support at work: The role of open and trustworthy communication. International Journal of Business Communication, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488420955171
Sungur, M. Z., & Bez, Y. (2016). Cultural factors in the treatment of sexual dysfunction in muslim client. Current Sexual Health Report, 8(2), 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-016-0068-z
Suzalina Halid. (2017, Febuari 23). Stigma penghidap HIV golongan berdosa perlu dihapus. Berita Harian Online. https://www.bharian.com.my/bhplus-old/2017/02/251810/stigma-penghidap-hiv-golongan-berdosa-perlu-dihapus
Taggart, T., Ritchwood, T., Nyhan, K., & Ransome, Y. (2021). Messaging matters: Achieving equity in the HIV response through public health communication. Journal of The Lancet HIV, 8(6), 376-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00078-3
Thapa, R., & Yang, Y. (2018). Experience, emotions and adjustment of HIV-infected men in HIV-concordant marital relationship in Cambodia. American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(5), 1215-1225. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318784155
Traumer, L., Jacobsen, M. H., & Laursen. (2018). Patient’s experiences of sexuality as a taboo subject in the Danish healthcare system: A qualitative interview study. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 33(1), 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12600.
World Health Organization. (2021, March 5). The global health observatory: Explore a world of health data. https://www.who.int/data/gho
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
e-ISSN: 2289-1528