Pelaksanaan Prinsip “Izin, Maklum Awal, Bebas dan Telus” (IMABT) dalam Hal Ehwal Berkaitan Orang Asli di Semenanjung Malaysia (The Implementation of the Right to “Free, Prior and Informed Consent” (FPIC) in Orang Asli Affairs in Peninsular Malaysia)

Syahirah Nadiah Ahmad A'sri, Rohaida Nordin

Abstract


The issue of Indigenous peoples’ rights has always been fought for both internationally and domestically. This writing focuses on implementing the principle of “Free, Prior, and Informed Consent” (FPIC) in the affairs of the Orang Asli in Semenanjung Malaysia. Article 3 of the Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (DHOA) 2007 recognise the FPIC principle which entails the spirit of the right of Indigenous peoples to self-determination. The principles of IMABT and consultation are key aspects of the right to self-determination that allow the Indigenous community of a country to be involved in the decision-making process on matters that may affect them. Malaysia has not prepared any guidelines for implementing the FPIC principle despite agreeing with the adoption of the DHOA. Therefore, this paper presents a proposal to implement on FPIC guideline which is practical and suitable for Orang Asli in Malaysia. For this purpose, the Philippines will be used as a reference country to see how this principle is implemented in the country. If this principle is successfully implemented, it will be a great starting point that recognizes the rights of Orang Asli and will also be able to improve their socio-economic status.

 

Abstrak

Hak Orang Asal sentiasa diperjuangkan pada peringkat antarabangsa dan domestik. Penulisan membincangkan pelaksanaan prinsip “Izin Maklum Awal Bebas Telus” (IMABT) dalam hal ehwal Orang Asli di Semenanjung Malaysia. Prinsip IMABT ini telah diiktiraf oleh Perkara 3 Deklarasi Hak Orang Asal (DHOA) 2007 berdasarkan prinsip hak penentuan kendiri Orang Asal. Prinsip IMABT dan perundingan membenarkan komuniti Orang Asal sesebuah negara turut terlibat dalam proses membuat keputusan bagi perkara-perkara yang boleh memberi kesan kepada mereka. Malaysia belum melaksanakan pemakaian prinsip ini walaupun telah bersetuju dengan DHOA, malah tiada garis panduan pelaksanaan IMABT disediakan sehingga kini di Malaysia. Oleh itu, penulisan ini mengemukakan cadangan sebuah garis panduan pelaksanaan IMABT yang bersesuaian dengan Orang Asli yang selari dengan DHOA serta praktikal untuk dilaksanakan. Untuk tujuan ini, Filipina akan dijadikan sebagai negara rujukan bagi melihat bagaimana prinsip ini dilaksanakan di negara tersebut. Akhir kata, kejayaan pelaksanaan prinsip ini akan menjadi titik permulaan yang besar bagi mengiktiraf hak Orang Asli dan meningkatkan status sosio-ekonomi mereka.

Kata kunci: Hak Orang Asli; Semenanjung Malaysia; Prinsip Izin Maklum Awal Bebas Telus; IMABT; Pelaksanaan Prinsip IMABT


Keywords


Indigenous Peoples’ Rights; Peninsular Malaysia; Independent and Transparent Prior Informed Consent Principles; FPIC; Implementation of FPIC Principles

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdul Ghafur Hamid @ Khin Maung Sein. 2019. Public International Law. 4th Edn. Subang Jaya: Sweet & Maxwell.

Akta Orang Asli 1954.

Buxton, A. 2011. The spirit of FPIC: Lessons from Canada and the Philippines. Participatory Learning and Action, p 67-73.

Calde, A.N.L., Ciencia Jr., A.N. & Rovillos, R.D. 2013. An Assessment of the Implementation of the Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) in the Philippines. 1, Philippines: GIZ GmbH.

Campbell, J. 2012. Engaging With Free, Prior and Informed Consent. BSR. p 1-25.

Coates, K. S. & Favel, B. 2016. Understanding FPIC. Aboriginal Canada and the Natural Resource Economy Series. p 1-25.

Colchester, M. & Ferrari, M.F. 2007. Making FPIC Work: Challenges and Prospects for Indigenous Peoples. FPIC Working Papers, Forest Peoples Programme. p1-20.

Collins, N. 2016. Lessons from Implementing Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) in the Philippines: A Case Study for Teaching Purposes-Facilitator’s Guide. SMICSRM Centre for Social Responsibility in Mining. p1-53.

Deklarasi Mengenai Hak Orang Asal.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2014.

Respecting free, prior and informed consent. p 1-38.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2015. FAO Policy on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples. p 1-34.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2016. Free Prior and Informed Consent: An Indigenous Peoples' Right and A Good Practice for Local Communities. Free, Prior and Informed Consent Manual. p 13.

Forest Stewardship Council. 2012. FSC Guidelines for the Implementation of the Right to Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC). p 23.

Forest Stewardship Council. 2018. Implementing Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC): A Forest Stewardship Council Discussion Paper. FSC. p 5-11.

Forest Stewardship Council. 2019. FSC Guidelines for the Implementation of the Right to Free, Prior and Informed Consent. p 17.

Haugen, H.M. 2016. The right to veto or emphasising adequate decision-making processes? Clarifying the scope of the free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) requirement. Netherland Journal of Quarterly Right 34(3): 250-273.

Herrera, J.I. 2019. Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) in Mexico: Elements for its Construction and Challenges. The Age of Human Rights Journal, p 1-22.

Human Rights Commission of Malaysia. 2013. Report of the National Inquiry into the Land Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Forest People Programme, Kuala Lumpur: Human Rights Commission Malaysia.

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention 1989

Indigenous Peoples’ Right Act 1977

Iseli, C. 2020. The Operationalization of the Principle of Free, Prior and Informed Consent: A Duty to Obtain Consent or Simply a Duty to Consult?. Journal of Environmental Law 38(2): 260-275.

Joffe, P. 2018. Veto and Consent - Significant Differences. p 1-34.

Jolly, S., ter Haar, C. Venzon, F. 2012. In the Matter of: An Opinion on the Land Rights of the Malaysian Orang Asli. Malaysian Bar.

Kanosue, Y. 2015. When land is taken away: States obligations under international human rights law concerning large-scale projects impacting local communities. Human Rights Law Review, p 643-651.

OXFAM America. 2013. Free Prior and Informed Consent in the Philippines. Oxfam America Briefing Paper, p 1-21.

Perlembagaan Persekutuan Malaysia

Pillay, N. 2013. Free, Prior and Informed Consent of Indigenous Peoples. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. p 1-2.

Raftopoulos, M. & Short, D. 2019. Implementing Free Prior and Informed Consent: the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007), the Challenges of REDD+ and the Case for the precautionary principle. The International Journal of Human Rights 23(1-2): 87-103.

Rohaida Nordin. 2018. Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Peninsular Malaysia: Domestic and International Perspectives. Bangi: Penerbit UKM.

Rohaida Nordin. 2019. Protection of Indigenous Peoples' Rights in Malaysia: State's Perspective, Obligation and Capacity. Bangi: Penerbit UKM.

Rohaida Nordin & Mohd Syahril Ibrahim. 2014. Exercising the principle of Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) in land development: An appraisal with special reference to the Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia. Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 22(S): 183-204.

Springer, J. & Retana, V. 2011. Free, Prior, Informed Consent and REDD+: Guidelines and Resources. WWF Working Paper, p 1-10.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.