إعادة النظر في نقد ابن حبان للحديث: تحليل منهجي لكتاب “المجروحين” وأهميته المعاصرة

Abstract

الملخص

اتجه جهود العلماء إلى اهتمام بالحديث، ونشأ عن ذلك عدة من العلوم، ومنها علم مناهج المحدثين، وهذا العلم يلعب دورا مهمًا للبيان
مناهج المحدثين وكتب الستة وغيرها وتوضيح مناهج العلماء في الحديث الشريف. الكتب والابحاث كثيرة عن مناهج المحدثين مثل منهج
الإمام البخاري ومنهج مسلم والترمذي وأبي داود والنسائي وابن ماجه والإمام أحمد والحاكم والخطابي وابن حجر والذهبي في كتابه “فلان”
مثل منهج الترمذي في سننه وغير ذلك. وابن حبان البستي هو من الإمام والمحدث والمؤرخ ومن كبار أئمة الحديث الشريف. فقد يتناول
الباحث منهج ابن حبان في أثره المجروحين في هذه الدراسة الصغيرة. تحاول هذه الدراسة الاجابة على أسئلة التالية: من هو ابن حبان
وكيف كانت حياته العلمية وطلب العلم؟ وما هي أهم مصنفات ابن حبان؟ وما هي أهم مميزات منهجه في المجروحين؟ ويمكن إجمال
أهداف البحث فيما يلي: تعريف ابن حبان وبيان حياته العلمية وطلبه للعلم. وذكر أهم مؤلفات لابن حبان والبيان عنها، وتوضيح أهم
مميزات منهج ابن حبان في تأليفه المجروحين. ومن أهم نتائج البحث هي؛ رتب ابن حبان أسماء الرواة على حروف المعجم، وكان يذكر اسم
الراوي، ونسبه ونسبته وكنيته. وعن تسمية الكتاب؛ معرفة المجروحين من المحدثين والضعفاء والمتروكين، ولكنه يسمى المجروحين اختصاراً،
ترجم ونسبه ونسبته وكنيته،
ُوهو أشهر أسمائه، وله أسماء أخرى مثل: كتاب الضعفاء، وكتاب الضعفاء والمجروحين. يذكر المؤلف اسم الم
ترجم، ويذكر وفاته أحيانًا. ويعدُّ ابن حبان من الأئمة المتوسطين في الحكم على
ُولا يُطيل في ذلك غالبًا. يذكر المؤلف من روى عنهم الم
الرجال. وضع ابن حبان قواعد واضحة في هذا الكتاب تحدِّد مذهبه في الحكم على الرجال. وقسَّم عالم الحديث ابن حبان أنواع جرح
الرواة إلى عشرين قسمًا.

الكلمات المفتاحية: الحديث; علم الحديث; مناهج المحدثين; ابن حبان; المجروحين.

ABSTRACT

In this study, scholars have focused their efforts on the examination of Hadith, resulting in the development of multiple disciplines, such as the science concerning the methodologies employed by Hadith scholars. This field is crucial for elucidating the methods used by Hadith scholars, including those who compiled the six books and others, and for shedding light on the principles they applied when studying the noble Hadith. There are numerous books and research studies on the methodologies of Hadith scholars, such as the methodology of Imam Al-Bukhari, Muslim, Al-Tirmidhi, Abu Dawood, Al-Nasa’i, Ibn Majah, Imam Ahmad, Al-Hakim, Al-Khattabi, Ibn Hajar, and Al-Dhahabi in his book, as well as works like ‘The Methodology of Al-Tirmidhi in His Sunan,’ among others. The researcher may explore the methodology of Ibn Hibban in his book Al-Majruhin in this brief study. This study aims to answer the following questions: Who is Ibn Hibban, and what was his scholarly life and pursuit of knowledge like? What are the most important works of Ibn Hibban? What are the key features of his methodology in Al-Majruhin? What kind of contributions did Ibn-i Hibban make to the science of hadith in his work? The main goals of this research are to present an overview of Ibn Hibban and his academic journey, highlight and explain his most important writings, and examine the distinctive traits of his approach in authoring Al-Majruhin. These objectives include introducing Ibn Hibban, explaining his scholarly life and pursuit of knowledge, listing his major works and discussing them, as well as highlighting the distinctive features of his methodology in authoring Al-Majruhin. Ibn Hibbān, often described in sources as “the hadīth scribe” or “the hadīth sheikh of Khorasan,” is renowned for his contributions to verifying the authenticity of hadīths and assessing hadīth narrators through cerh and ta’dīl. He believed that narrators must be knowledgeable to ensure their honesty and fairness, arguing that even a reliable hadīth narrator who was not a jurist (faqīh) could make errors in hadīth texts. Ibn Hibbān also regarded the narration of a trustworthy jurist from memory as questionable, due to potential mistakes with oral transmission. Furthermore, he accepted narrations from individuals who were deemed righteous—even if they weren’t widely known for their piety and included these in his al-Musnad al-sahih. However, he rejected narrations from those who spread sectarian views, considering such reports inadmissible as evidence. Among the most important findings of the research is that Ibn Hibban arranged the names of narrators alphabetically. He would mention the name of the narrator, his lineage, affiliation, and kunya. Regarding the title of the book, it is called Ma‘rifat al-Majruhin min al-Muhaddithin wa al-Du‘afa’ wa al-Matrukin, but it is commonly abbreviated as Al-Majruhin, which is its most wellknown name. It has other names, such as Kitab al-Du‘afa’ and Kitab al-Du‘afa’ wa al-Majruhin. The author mentions the name of the subject, his lineage, affiliation, and kunya, but usually does not elaborate. He also records from whom the subject narrated and sometimes mentions his death. Ibn Hibban is considered one of the strictest scholars in his judgments on narrators. He established clear principles in this book that define his approach to evaluating narrators. The author categorised the types of criticism of narrators into twenty sections. 

Keywords: Hadith; Hadith Science; Methods of Hadith Scholars; Ibn Hibban, al-Majrūḥīn