International Journal of West Asian Studies
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THE DOCTRINE AND SPIRITUAL PRACTICES OF THE NEW AGE MOVEMENT [DOKTRIN DAN AMALAN KEROHANIAN GERAKAN NEW AGE]
Abstrak Krisis hidup yang semakin mencabar, kesedaran terhadap kesejahteraan diri dan keseimbangan fizikal, jasmani, emosi, mental dan sosial mutakhir ini memberi dampak dalam kehidupan individu, justeru, keperluan dan minat mereka terhadap aspek kerohanian semakin meningkat. Peningkatan ini mendedahkan masyarakat kepada pelbagai amalan kerohanian termasuk idea kerohanian New Age secara sedar mahupun tanpa sedar. Oleh hal yang demikian, dengan metodologi kajian kualitatif, kajian ini menjelaskan definisi dan latar belakang gerakan New Age, di samping mengenal pasti idea-idea kerohanian yang dipegang oleh gerakan ini merangkumi konsep evolusi kerohanian, metafizik dan amalan kerohanian New Age. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa New Age merupakan satu aliran kerohanian yang sukar untuk didefiniskan secara seragam kerana ia berpegang pada relativisme, individualisme, bersikap bebas dan meraikan apa jua bentuk kepercayaan, pemikiran dan ajaran di samping mengamalkan sinkretisme dan eklektisisme dalam membentuk dimensi kerohaniannya. Walaupun ia sering difahami sebagai sebuah gerakan yang sekadar menawarkan kepelbagaian amalan dan idea kerohanian, secara dasarnya ia berpegang kepada prinsip panteisme dan monisme di mana manusia dianggap sebagai tuhan yang berupaya mencipta realiti mereka sendiri. Akhir sekali, dapat disimpulkan bahawa doktrin dan prinsip yang dibawa oleh New Age menunjukkan ia sebagai sebuah gerakan yang tidak memiliki identiti yang tetap dan kurang eksklusif. Kata kunci: New Age, kerohanian, kebatinan, metafizik, budaya kontra. Abstract In the face of increasingly challenging life crises, awareness of self-care and the holistic balance of one's physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being has had a significant impact on individuals' lives. Consequently, their needs and interests in spiritual aspects have been on the rise. This increase exposes society to various spiritual practices, including New Age spirituality, whether consciously or unconsciously. Therefore, with a qualitative research methodology, this study elucidates the definition and background of the New Age movement, while identifying the spiritual ideas embraced by this movement, encompassing the concepts of spiritual evolution, metaphysics, and New Age spiritual practices. The study finds that New Age is a spiritual movement that is difficult to define uniformly because it adheres to relativism, individualism, a free-spirited attitude, and celebrates any form of belief, thought, and teachings, while also practicing syncretism and eclecticism in shaping its spiritual dimension. Although often understood as merely offering a diversity of spiritual practices and ideas, it fundamentally adheres to the principles of pantheism and monism, where humans are considered capable of creating their own reality as gods. In conclusion, the doctrines and principles of the New Age movement indicate that it lacks a fixed identity and is less exclusive. Keywords: New Age, spirituality, metaphysics, esotericism, counterculture.
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of West Asian Studies
ENJOYMENT AND ENGAGEMENT OF MALAYSIAN LEARNERS IN ARABIC STUDIES PROGRAMME [KESERONOKAN DAN PENGLIBATAN PELAJAR MALAYSIA DALAM PROGRAM PENGAJIAN BAHASA ARAB]
Abstract Language learners with a strong international posture are generally more willing to communicate in the foreign language that they learn. Past studies have shown that international posture is largely associated with variable levels of motivation, enjoyment, and cultural motives. However, studies on engagement were poorly conducted, especially for Arabic language learners. Therefore, this study aims to examine the level of readiness of students of Arabic studies programmes in terms of enjoyment in learning Arabic and engagement in Arabic. This study uses quantitative design by distributing online questionnaire instruments to 180 final year students of the bachelor’s degree from three public universities in Malaysia, namely Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), and International Islamic University (UIA). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. The results showed that students in tertiary Arabic Studies programmes in Malaysia report moderate to moderately high levels of enjoyment in learning Arabic and engagement in Arabic. Their international posture is in the moderate range but relatively low. Students need to capitalize on all these aspects which will directly and indirectly contribute to better achievement in learning Arabic. Keywords: International posture; Arabic studies; Enjoyment; Engagement
STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE TEACHING AIDS USED IN DEPARTMENT OF ARABIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE AT INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA (IIUM) [تصورات الطلبة للوسائل التعليمية المستخدمة بقسم اللغة العربية وآدابها في الجامعة الإسلامية العالمية بماليزيا]
Abstract This study aimed to analyse students’ perceptions of traditional and modern teaching aids used in the Department of Arabic Language and Literature at International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) and which teaching aids they preferred. This study used the descriptive survey method where a questionnaire consisting of 36 items was used to gain the data from the participants. 30 students from third and fourth year students of Arabic Language and Literature responded to the questionnaire. The results showed that students' perceptions for both traditional and modern teaching aids were in the high range (M=3.86 and M=4.15, respectively), according to the five-point Likert scale indicating good perception for both of them. Lastly, the paper comes to a conclusion by stating that students prefer modern teaching aids over traditional ones. Keywords: Perceptions, Teaching, Aids, Arabic, IIUM ملخص البحث يهدف هذا البحث إلى معرفة تصورات الطلبة في الوسائل التعليمية التقليدية والحديثة المستخدمة بقسم اللغة العربية وآدابها في الجامعة الإسلامية العالمية بماليزيا (IIUM) والوسائل التعليمية التي يفضلونها. واستخدم هذا البحث المنهج الوصفي المسحي حيث تم استخدام استبانة مكونة من 36 بنود للحصول على البيانات من المشاركين. وأجاب عن الاستبيان 30 طالباً من طلاب السنتين الثالثة والرابعة بقسم اللغة العربية وآدابها. وقد أظهرت النتائج أن تصورات الطلاب لكل من الوسائل التعليمية التقليدية والحديثة كانت في نطاق مرتفع (M = 3.86 و M = 4.15 على التوالي)، وفقًا لمقياس ليكرت المكون من خمس نقاط مما يشير إلى تصور جيد لكليهما، ويخلص البحث أخيرًا إلى القول بأن الطلبة يفضلون الوسائل التعليمية الحديثة على الوسائل التقليدية. كلمات مفتاحية: التصور، الوسائل التعليمية، اللغة العربية، الجامعة الإسلامية العالمية ماليزيا.
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS ON IMAD AL-DIN ZENGI (1085 - 1146 AD) AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ZENGID DYNASTY [ANALISIS SEJARAH IMAD AL-DIN ZENGI (1085–1146 MASIHI) DAN PENUBUHAN DINASTI ZENGID]
Abstract Imad al-Din Zengi, a military leader of the Seljuk Sultanate, actively resisted the Crusader incursions in the Bilad al-Sham territories during the 12th century AD. Some historians consider Imad al-Din's achievement in reclaiming the city of Edessa from the Crusaders' army as a forerunner to the fight for the liberation of Bayt al-Maqdis. The Zengid Dynasty's administrative hub was situated in Mosul, with Aleppo serving as a strategic stronghold for its military operations. Nevertheless, the initial stages of the Zengid Dynasty's establishment have been mostly overlooked and insufficiently examined. This article provides a comprehensive account of the leadership, accomplishments, and historical development of the Zengid Dynasty in Bilad al-Sham. This study utilizes a qualitative methodology with content analysis on multiple historical texts that were produced during the same period as the Crusader era or the Middle Ages. Through content analysis, the study aims to identify the key themes, narratives, and discourses that shaped the perception of the Zengid Dynasty and its contributions to the revival of the Muslim community in resisting Crusader occupation. The study's findings suggest that Imad al-Din was among the key figures who contributed actively to the revival of the Muslim community by opposing the Crusader occupation of Islamic lands. Additionally, the presence of the Zengid Dynasty played a crucial role in setting the stage for the liberation of Bayt al-Maqdis. Keywords: Imad al-Din, Zengid, Seljuk, jihad, crusader Abstrak Imad al-Din Zengi, seorang pemimpin tentera Kesultanan Seljuk, aktif menentang pencerobohan Tentera Salib di wilayah Bilad al-Sham pada abad ke-12 Masihi. Sebilangan ahli sejarah menganggap kejayaan Imad al-Din dalam menawan semula kota Edessa daripada tentera Salib sebagai pendahulu kepada perjuangan pembebasan Bayt al-Maqdis. Pusat pentadbiran Dinasti Zengid terletak di Mosul, manakala Aleppo berfungsi sebagai kubu strategik untuk operasi ketenteraannya. Walau bagaimanapun, peringkat awal penubuhan Dinasti Zengid sering diabaikan dan kurang diteliti. Artikel ini menyediakan penjelasan menyeluruh mengenai kepimpinan, pencapaian, dan perkembangan sejarah Dinasti Zengid di Bilad al-Sham. Kajian ini menggunakan metodologi kualitatif dengan analisis kandungan terhadap pelbagai teks sejarah yang dihasilkan pada era yang sama dengan zaman Tentera Salib atau Zaman Pertengahan. Melalui analisis kandungan, kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti tema utama, naratif, dan wacana yang membentuk persepsi terhadap Dinasti Zengid serta sumbangannya dalam kebangkitan masyarakat Islam dalam menentang penjajahan Tentera Salib. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa Imad al-Din merupakan salah satu tokoh penting yang secara aktif menyumbang kepada kebangkitan masyarakat Islam dengan menentang penjajahan Tentera Salib di tanah Islam. Selain itu, kehadiran Dinasti Zengid memainkan peranan penting dalam membuka jalan bagi pembebasan Bayt al-Maqdis. Kata kunci: Imad al-Din, Zengid, Seljuk, jihad, tentera Salib
A THEMATIC SURVEY OF ACTIVITIES FOR ENHANCING ARABIC SPEAKING SKILLS AMONG NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS [TINJAUAN TEMATIK AKTIVITI MENINGKATKAN KEMAHIRAN BERTUTUR BAHASA ARAB DALAM KALANGAN BUKAN PENUTUR JATI]
Abstrak Kemahiran bertutur merupakan salah satu kemahiran penting yang perlu dikuasai oleh pelajar, kerana ia adalah kemahiran kedua paling penting selepas kemahiran mendengar. Namun demikian, pencapaian pelajar dalam kemahiran bertutur bahasa Arab masih berada pada tahap yang rendah. Oleh itu, kajian tinjauan ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti aktiviti yang dapat meningkatkan kemahiran bertutur bahasa Arab dalam kalangan pelajar bukan penutur jati dari tahun 2012 hingga kini, dengan menggunakan perisian NVIVO 12. Carian kata kunci melalui pangkalan data SCOPUS menghasilkan 18 artikel, manakala ProQuest menghasilkan 74 artikel. Namun, setelah proses saringan kemasukan dan pengecualian dijalankan, hanya 21 artikel yang dipilih. Kajian semula terhadap artikel-artikel ini mengenal pasti 9 kod awal yang dikategorikan kepada 4 tema utama, iaitu mendengar dan menyebut, main peranan atau lakonan, pembentangan lisan, dan bercerita. Diharapkan bahawa dapatan kajian ini dapat memberikan manfaat kepada penyelidikan akan datang dalam menangani masalah kemahiran bertutur serta menjadi panduan kepada pendidik bahasa dalam pengajaran kemahiran bertutur abad ke-21. Kata Kunci: aktiviti, meningkatkan, kemahiran bertutur, bahasa Arab, bukan penutur jati Abstract Speaking skills are among the essential competencies students need to master, as they are the second most important skill after listening. However, students’ achievement in Arabic speaking skills remains at a low level. Therefore, this survey study aims to identify activities that enhance Arabic speaking skills among non-native speakers from 2012 to the present, using NVIVO 12 software. A keyword search through the SCOPUS database yielded 18 articles, while ProQuest produced 74 articles. However, after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 21 articles were selected. A review of these articles identified 9 initial codes, which were categorized into 4 main themes: listening and pronunciation, role-playing or acting, oral presentations, and storytelling. It is hoped that the findings of this study will benefit future research in addressing speaking skill challenges and serve as a guide for language educators in teaching 21st-century speaking skills. Keywords: activities, enhancing, speaking skills, Arabic language, non-native speakers
RESONANCE AND EVOLUTION: THE ENDURING INFLUENCE OF ISLAMIC ART ON MALAY CULTURE [RESONANSI DAN EVOLUSI: PENGARUH BERTERUSAN SENI ISLAM TERHADAP BUDAYA MELAYU]
Abstract This paper examines the profound and multifaceted influence of Islamic art on Malay culture, focusing on its historical, spiritual, and contemporary dimensions. By exploring the integration of Islamic artistic principles, such as geometric patterns and Tawheed, into Malay art and architecture, it highlights their role in shaping Malay identity and values. The study delves into the transformation brought by Islamic teachings, evident in linguistic, social, and artistic practices, including the use of Jawi script and batik textiles. The resurgence of Malay Islamic art in the 20th century, particularly during the 1980s, underscores the cultural and socio- economic shifts within Malaysia's burgeoning middle class. Through case studies, such as Mastura Abdul Rahman’s House of Flowers, House of Harmony, the paper illustrates how contemporary Malay artists incorporate traditional motifs and Islamic elements to balance heritage with modernity. Employing iconographic and comparative analyses, this research reveals how Islamic art fosters a connection between the visible and the metaphysical, enriching Malay cultural narratives. Ultimately, the study underscores the enduring legacy of Islamic art in articulating Malay identity while advocating for its preservation as a cornerstone of cultural heritage. Keywords: Islamic art, Malay culture, Tawheed, Geometric patterns, Malay identity
THE HEROIC FIGURES OF ISLAM THROUGH THE WAR POETRY OF KA'AB BIN MALIK [FIGURA HEROISME ISLAM MELALUI PUISI PERANG KA'AB BIN MALIK]
Abstrak Ka'ab bin Malik merupakan seorang penyair terkemuka dan sahabat Rasulullah SAW yang memainkan peranan penting dalam sejarah Islam melalui karya-karya puisi. Beliau menggunakan puisi sebagai medium untuk menyampaikan mesej dakwah, membangkitkan semangat juang, dan menggambarkan nilai-nilai luhur seperti keberanian, kesetiaan, dan pengorbanan dalam perjuangan menegakkan agama Allah SWT. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana Ka'ab bin Malik menggambarkan heroisme Islam melalui puisi-puisinya, khususnya dalam konteks peperangan yang disertai seperti Perang Uhud dan Perang Badar. Pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode sejarah dan analisis kandungan digunakan dalam kajian ini. Pendekatan sejarah membantu memahami konteks peristiwa yang digambarkan, manakala analisis kandungan puisi memberi tumpuan kepada gaya bahasa dan struktur puitis dalam puisi-puisi yang dikaji. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa puisi Ka'ab bin Malik bukan sahaja mendokumentasikan peristiwa penting dalam sejarah Islam tetapi juga menjadi alat motivasi yang dapat menaikkan semangat umat Islam pada masa itu. Dengan penggunaan bahasa yang indah dan gaya puitis yang penuh emosi, Ka'ab berjaya menggambarkan ketokohan Rasulullah SAW, ketabahan sahabat dan semangat juang umat Islam. Karya-karya beliau terus dihayati sebagai warisan seni yang sarat dengan nilai moral dan spiritual, memberi inspirasi kepada generasi Islam sehingga kini. Kata kunci: Ka'ab bin Malik, heroisme Islam, puisi perang, sahabat Rasulullah, sejarah Islam. Abstract Ka'ab bin Malik was a renowned poet and companion of Prophet Muhammad SAW who played a significant role in Islamic history through his poetic works. He utilized poetry as a medium to convey messages of da'wah, inspire the spirit of jihad, and depict noble values such as courage, loyalty, and sacrifice in the struggle to uphold Islam. This study aims to analyze how Ka'ab bin Malik represented Islamic heroism through his poetry, particularly in the context of battles he participated in, such as the Battle of Uhud and the Battle of Badr. A qualitative approach, employing historical methodology and content analysis, was adopted for this research. The historical approach aids in understanding the context of the events depicted, while the content analysis focuses on the linguistic style and poetic structure of his works. The findings reveal that Ka'ab bin Malik's poetry not only documented pivotal events in Islamic history but also served as a powerful motivational tool for the Muslim community at the time. Through his eloquent language and emotionally charged poetic style, Ka'ab effectively portrayed the resilience of the Prophet's companions and the fighting spirit of the Muslim ummah. His works are cherished as an artistic legacy imbued with moral and spiritual values, continuing to inspire generations of Muslims. Keywords: Ka'ab bin Malik, Islamic heroism, war poetry, companion of the Prophet, Islamic history
SPIRITUAL APPROACH AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS AMONG AT-RISK ADOLESCENTS IN MALAYSIA [PENDEKATAN SPIRITUAL DAN TAHAP KESIHATAN MENTAL DALAM KALANGAN REMAJA BERISIKO DI MALAYSIA]
Abstrak Remaja yang berhadapan dengan masalah sosial memerlukan bimbingan dan perlindungan yang sempurna. Jika tidak diurus dengan baik mereka berisiko mengalami gangguan kesihatan mental yang serius. Peringkat remaja akan melalui fasa perkembangan dari segi fizikal dan emosi yang tidak terkawal. Sekiranya mereka gagal mengawal fasa perubahan diri yang mereka alami, mereka berkemungkinan menguruskan emosi mereka dengan cara yang tidak sepatutnya. Ini akan memberi impak kepada kesejahteraan hidup. Trend pemasalahan kesihatan mental menunjukkan peningkatan ketara di Malaysia terutama bagi golongan kanak-kanak dan remaja. Kesannya, emosi mereka sukar dikawal, tekanan, kebimbangan melampau dan kemurungan terjadi. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti kaedah dan pendekatan spiritual dalam menangani tingkah laku remaja berisiko. Hasilnya kita akan dapati remaja boleh terbina daripada pengamalan agama berdasarkan pendekatan spiritual. Amalan berdasarkan pendekatan spiritual diharap mampu mengurangkan risiko konflik dalam kalangan remaja berisiko yang terhasil daripada kehendak nafsu yang tidak terkawal. Kata Kunci: spiritual; kesihatan mental; remaja berisiko; sosial; bimbingan Abstract Youths that are facing social problems need guidance and protection. Without adequate support, they face a heightened risk of experiencing a decline in their mental well-being. The teenage stage will go through a phase of turbulent physical and emotional transformations. If young individuals struggle to navigate this period of self-transformation effectively, they may resort to unhealthy coping mechanisms to regulate their feelings, detrimentally affecting their overall health. The trend of mental health problems show a significant increase in Malaysia especially for children and teenagers. This leads to difficulties in emotional regulation, heightened stress levels, severe anxiety, and depression. The purpose of this study is to identify methods along with a spiritual approach in dealing with risky adolescent behaviour. By exploring whether young individuals can derive constructive influences from religious practices grounded in spirituality, this study aims to shed light on the potential benefits of such a spiritual approach in mitigating the likelihood of conflict stemming from unchecked desires among vulnerable teenagers. Keywords: spiritual; mental health; at risk youth; social; guidance
RELIGIOUS EXPLOITATION THROUGH PRACTICAL ACTIONS IN THE NOVEL EMPAYAR: HIKAYAT PUTERA TANPA NAMA [EKSPLOITASI AGAMA MELALUI TINDAKAN PRAKTIKAL DALAM NOVEL EMPAYAR: HIKAYAT PUTERA TANPA NAMA]
Abstract Religious exploitation is a phenomenon that frequently occurs in society, where religion is used as a tool to achieve personal goals or specific interests. This study aims to analyze the issue of religious exploitation in the novel Empayar: Hikayat Putera Tanpa Nama by Teme Abdullah, based on Abdul Karim Zaidan's Theory of Da'wah Methods outlined in the book Usūl al-Daᶜwah, using a qualitative approach. The study examines how the antagonist, Pahlawan 1636, manipulates practical actions such as abuse of power and selective implementation of laws to fulfill personal agendas, including justifying oppression and injustice under the guise of religion. It also connects the narrative of the novel with three da'wah methods proposed by Abdul Karim Zaidan: Eliminating Syubhat (Eliminating Misconceptions), Education and Teaching (Tarbiyyah and Taᶜlim), and Encouragement and Warning (Targhib and Tarhib), emphasizing the need for da'wah approaches based on wisdom and truth. The findings reveal that religious exploitation through practical actions not only contradicts the principles of da'wah but also creates confusion and disrupts societal harmony, highlighting the importance of understanding and applying proper da'wah principles and methods in the field of da'wah. Keywords: Religious exploitation; actions; da'wah; literary analysis
CONFLICTS IN THE NARRATIVE OF GEOPOLITICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN HIJAZ, THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, AND THE BRITISH IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES [KONFLIK DALAM NARATIF HUBUNGAN GEOPOLITIK ANTARA HIJAZ, KERAJAAN UTHMANIYAH DAN BRITISH PADA ABAD KE-19 DAN 20]
Abstrak Eksistensi Hijaz amat sinonim sebagai sebuah wilayah supranasional lantaran wujudnya kota suci umat Islam iaitu Mekah dan Madinah. Kedudukan ini sekaligus mengangkat hierarkinya sebagai tempat yang sakral dalam Islam secara universal. Setelah menguasai Mesir pada tahun 1517, Kerajaan Uthmaniyah secara rasminya berkuasa ke atas Hijaz. Rentetan itu, Hijaz bukan sahaja menjalin hubungan yang erat dengan Kerajaan Uthmaniyah selaku pengelola institusi khilafah, bahkan turut menjadi medan percaturan kuasa Barat terutamanya British yang ditunjangi kepentingan-kepentingan tertentu. Situasi ini mencetuskan hubungan tiga hala antara Hijaz dengan dua kuasa besar tersebut. Oleh itu, makalah ini menganalisis hubungan tiga hala tersebut, iaitu antara Kerajaan Uthmaniyah, British dan Hijaz dengan berwacanakan naratif dan konflik yang berlaku. Kajian kualitatif ini melibatkan kaedah kepustakaan dan kajian sejarah bagi menuntaskan hasil interpretasi daripada beberapa peristiwa sejarah yang membuktikan eksistensi hubungan tiga hala tersebut. Kajian mendapati bahawa plot hubungan antara Kerajaan Uthmaniyah, Hijaz dan British didasari oleh kepentingan ketiga-tiga pihak menerusi beberapa isu yang berlaku dalam naratif sejarah. Status hubungan antara ketiga-tiga pihak sebagai sekutu dan seteru menunjukkan perubahan yang tidak malar sepanjang abad ke-19 dan 20 khususnya menerusi perbenturan dwi-pemerintahan antara Vali dan Amir Mekah, pengurusan hal-ehwal haji, pembinaan Landasan Kereta Api Hijaz, pembinaan telegraf Istanbul-Mekah, penguatkuasaan Polisi Arab dan kemuncaknya adalah berlakunya Revolusi Arab pada tahun 1916 hingga 1918 yang membawa kesan yang fundamental kepada perpecahan wilayah Arab dan bibit-bibit kejatuhan Kerajaan Uthmaniyah. Kata Kunci: Hubungan geopolitik; British; Kerajaan Uthmaniyah; Hijaz; Konflik. Abstract The existence of Hijaz is highly synonymous as a supranational region due to the presence of the Islamic holy cities, Mecca and Medina. This status elevates its hierarchy as a sacred place in Islam universally. After conquering Egypt in 1517, the Ottoman Empire officially assumed control over Hijaz. Consequently, Hijaz not only established close ties with the Ottoman Empire as the administrator of the caliphate institution but also became a focal point for Western power struggles, particularly the British, driven by specific interests. This situation sparked a triangular relationship between Hijaz and these two major powers. Therefore, this paper analyzes the triangular relationship between the Ottoman Empire, the British, and Hijaz by examining narratives and conflicts that unfolded. This qualitative study employs library research and historical analysis to interpret various historical events that substantiate the existence of this triangular relationship. The study finds that the dynamics among the Ottoman Empire, Hijaz, and the British were shaped by the interests of all three parties through a series of historical issues. The relationship status among these parties, oscillating between alliances and rivalries, witnessed fluctuations throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly through dual-governance conflicts between the Vali and Amir of Mecca, the administration of Hajj affairs, the construction of the Hijaz Railway, the establishment of the Istanbul-Mecca telegraph line, the enforcement of Arab Policies, and ultimately culminating in the Arab Revolt of 1916–1918. This revolt left a profound impact on the fragmentation of Arab territories and planted the seeds for the Ottoman Empire's downfall. Keywords: Geopolitical relations; British; Ottoman Empire; Hijaz; Conflict
THE BELIEF CULTURE OF ARAB SOCIETIES [BUDAYA KEPERCAYAAN ORANG ARAB]
Abstrak Budaya kepercayaan masyarakat Arab merangkumi pelbagai bentuk amalan khurafat dan tahayul yang diwarisi sejak turun-temurun. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti jenis-jenis kepercayaan, mitos, serta amalan yang masih diterapkan dalam dunia Arab moden, di samping melihat implikasinya dari sudut pandang budaya dan keagamaan. Melalui kaedah tinjauan literatur dan analisis deskriptif, pelbagai contoh amalan khurafat seperti penggunaan tangkal, kepercayaan terhadap makhluk ghaib dan mitos berkaitan haiwan telah dikenal pasti. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa amalan-amalan ini kekal relevan dalam beberapa komuniti pedalaman dan terpinggir, meskipun bercanggah dengan prinsip rasional moden dan agama Islam. Kajian ini menegaskan keperluan pendidikan dan pencerahan bagi menghapuskan khurafat yang boleh mencemarkan akidah serta mendidik masyarakat agar lebih kritis terhadap warisan budaya mereka. Artikel ini menyumbang kepada pemahaman yang mendalam tentang hubungan antara budaya, agama dan rasionaliti dalam kalangan masyarakat Arab. Kata kunci: Budaya Arab; kepercayaan khurafat; mitos; agama Islam; amalan tradisional.
INTEGRATION OF KNOWLEDGE BETWEEN ARABIC SCIENCES: STRUCTURING OF THE TEXT AND ITS ROLE [بنية النص ودورها في التكامل المعرفي بين علوم العربية]
Abstract The construction of the text undoubtedly affects the knowledge integration of its parts and diversion between a fragmented reading text, and a single weft text reading. This is a reading that takes into account all aspects of the text, and that is a reading that looks into part of the text without taking into account all aspect of it. And, consequently, knowledge integration varies according to our view of the text, we need to pay attention to a comprehensive and varied reading of the texts! So that we do not read the texts when we lose their rhythm, their pomp and their greatness by focusing on one aspect only and neglecting several aspects have a great impact on the text's appearance in a new diverse format. Let us imagine the text of an audio, morphological, grammatical, semantic, rhetorical, literary, or ‘arudh, and another text reading at all these levels, how would its knowledge integration be? This is what this research will demonstrate by analysing several selected texts through which to demonstrate how the text's holistic view plays an important role in knowledge integration. With a view to demonstrating the complementary relationship between Arabic sciences and its impact on the meaning, following the analytical approach in clarifying this, by presenting and analysing some texts in an integrated linguistic analysis, the conclusion is that taking into account the knowledge integration of Arabic sciences in reading and analysing texts has a major role to play in demonstrating its textual coherence, its comprehensiveness and its diversity. We will address this by describing the concept of knowledge integration, as well as the science of Arabic, and by referring to certain terms of text linguistics and their role in how to read texts that maintain the integrity of their aspect and the diversity of their meanings. Keywords: constructing, text, integration of knowledge, arabic sciences ملخص البحث لا شك أن بناء النص يؤثر في التكامل المعرفي بين أجزائه، وشتان بين قراءة النص قراءة متجزئة، وقراءة النص لحمة واحدة، فهذه قراءة تراعي جوانب النص كله، وتلك قراءة تعتني بجزء من النص دون مراعاة باقي جوانبه، ومن ثم يترتب على ذلك أن التكامل المعرفي يتنوع حسب نظرتنا إلى النص، وما أحوجنا أن نولي اهتمامنا بقراءة النصوص قراءة شاملة ومتنوعة كي لا نظلم النصوص المقروءة عندما نفقد رونقها وبهاءها وعظمتها من خلال التركيز على جانب واحد فقط وإهمال عدة جوانب لها تأثير كبير في إظهار النص في قالب جديد متنوع. ولنا أن نتخيل نصا قرئ قراءة صوتية أو صرفية أو نحوية أو دلالية أو بلاغية، أو أدبية، أو عروضية، ونصا آخر قرئ بكل هذه المستويات، كيف سيكون تكامله المعرفي؟ وهذا ما سوف يبينه هذا البحث من خلال تحليل عدة نصوص مختارة نبين من خلالها كيف تؤدي النظرة الشمولية للنص دورا مهما في التكامل المعرفي. بهدف بيان العلاقة التكاملية بين علوم العربية وأثرها في المعنى، متبعين المنهج التحليلي في توضيح ذلك، من خلال عرض بعض النصوص وتحليلها تحليلا لغويا متكاملا، في سبيل الوصول إلى نتيجة مؤداها أن مراعاة التكامل المعرفي بين علوم العربية في قراءة النصوص وتحليلها له دور كبير في إظهار تماسكها النصي، وإظهار جمالياتها وتنوع معانيها. وسوف نتناول ذلك من خلال بيان مفهوم التكامل المعرفي، وكذلك علوم العربية، والإشارة إلى بعض مصطلحات اللسانيات النصية ودورها وكيفية قراءة النصوص قراءة تحافظ على تكامل اللحمة بين أجزائها وتنوع معانيها. الكلمات المفتاحية: بنية، النص، التكامل المعرفي، علوم العربية
THE MILITARY TRANSFORMATION OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE DURING AKBAR'S REIGN (1556–1605) [TRANSFORMASI KETENTERAAN MUGHAL ERA PEMERINTAHAN AKBAR (1556-1605)]
Abstrak Kerajaan Mughal mula meniti era kecemerlangan setelah Akbar menerajui Kerajaan Mughal pada tahun 1556. Sepanjang 49 tahun pemerintahannya, pelbagai perancangan dan dasar telah dilaksanakan bagi memastikan kelestarian Kerajaan Mughal, antaranya transformasi ketenteraan. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti latar belakang kehidupan dan daya kepimpinan Akbar yang menjadi tunjang kepada transformasi ketenteraan Mughal. Selain itu, kajian ini turut menganalisis pelan transformasi ketenteraan Mughal yang telah diusahakan. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif menerusi pendekatan kajian sejarah dan analisis kandungan dalam proses pengumpulan dan analisis data terhadap sumber primer dan sekunder. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan penglibatan awal Akbar dalam ketenteraan dan bimbingan secara berterusan daripada golongan aristokrat Mughal telah membentuk sahsiah dan daya kepimpinan Akbar. Hal sedemikian turut membentuk gaya politik Akbar yang akhirnya terserlah dalam pelan transformasi ketenteraan Mughal, seperti dasar perluasan wilayah, pemerkasaan aspek ketenteraan dan pengukuhan sistem mansab. Transformasi ketenteraan yang dilaksanakan telah menaikkan reputasi Kerajaan Mughal sebagai kerajaan yang kuat di India sekaligus mengukuhkan keupayaan kerajaan tersebut dalam menghadapi ancaman. Kata Kunci: Mughal, India, Akbar, transformasi ketenteraan, mansab Abstract The Mughal Empire began to reach an era of excellence after Akbar took the helm in 1556. Throughout his 49-year reign, various plans and policies were implemented to ensure the sustainability of the Mughal Empire, among them military transformation. This study aims to examine the background of Akbar's life and leadership qualities that served as the foundation for the Mughal military transformation. Additionally, this study analyzes the military transformation plans undertaken by the Mughals. The study uses qualitative methods through historical research and content analysis in the collection and analysis of data from primary and secondary sources. The findings show that Akbar's early involvement in the military and continuous guidance from Mughal aristocrats shaped his character and leadership qualities. This influence also shaped Akbar's political style, which ultimately became evident in the Mughal military transformation plans, including territorial expansion policies, the strengthening of military aspects, and the consolidation of the mansab system. The military transformations implemented enhanced the Mughal Empire's reputation as a strong empire in India, thus strengthening its ability to face threats. Keywords: Mughal, India Akbar, military transformation, mansab
COMPLIANCE WITH SHARIA FRAMEWORK IN THE FILM IMAM (2023): AN INITIAL OBSERVATION [PEMATUHAN KERANGKA SYARIAT DALAM FILEM IMAM (2023): SUATU PEMERHATIAN AWAL]
Abstrak Kajian ini akan memfokuskan kepada filem Imam (2023) yang merupakan cetusan pertama hasil garapan Mior Hashim Manap menerusi lensa dakwah dan persuratan Islam. Filem Imam ini adalah manifestasi daripada kesedaran beliau untuk mempelbagaikan wasilah dakwah kepada masyarakat dan memberi kesedaran tentang peri pentingnya pematuhan kerangka dan fundamental syariat Islam dalam menghasilkan sesuatu produksi filem. Ini ditambah pula dengan kekuatan filem ini yang merupakan adaptasi daripada novel Imam yang dihasilkan oleh Sasterawan Negara iaitu Abdullah Hussain yang juga telah memenangi Hadiah Sastera Malaysia 1994/1995. Justeru, metod kajian ini akan diaplikasikan secara analisis kandungan dengan menjadikan filem Imam (2023) yang akan ditonton menerusi saluran berbayar Nurflix sebagai sumber dapatan utama. Dapatan kajian secara keseluruhannya telah memperlihatkan pematuhan Mior Hashim Manap secara optimum dalam kerangka syariat menerusi naratif filem ini dalam aspek-aspek tertentu seperti hubungan kekeluargaan. Pada sudut yang lain, pematuhan pada kerangka syariat juga dilihat berlaku apabila penggemblengan babak-babak yang berkaitan dengan aspek syariat dimanfaatkan dengan baik dan tidak terkeluar daripada garis sempadan syariat yang telah dimeterai secara jelas dalam Islam. Kata Kunci: kerangka, syariat, filem Imam, pematuhan Abstract This study will focus on the film Imam (2023), which is the first creation by Mior Hashim Manap through the lens of da'wah and Islamic literature. The film Imam is a manifestation of his awareness to diversify the means of da'wah to the community and to raise awareness about the importance of adhering to the framework and fundamentals of Islamic law in producing a film. This is further strengthened by the fact that this film is an adaptation of the novel "Imam," created by National Laureate Abdullah Hussain, who also won the Malaysian Literary Prize 1994/1995. Therefore, this research method will be applied through content analysis using the film Imam (2023), which will be watched via the paid channel Nurflix, as the primary source of data. The overall findings of the study have shown Mior Hashim Manap's optimal adherence to the framework of Sharia through the narrative of this film in certain aspects such as family relationships. On another note, adherence to the framework of Sharia is also observed when the integration of scenes related to Sharia aspects is well-utilized and does not deviate from the clearly defined boundaries of Sharia in Islam. Keywords: framework, syariat, film of Imam, compliance
THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ISLAMIC SHARIA [اثر وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي في العلاقات الاسرية من منظور الشريعة الإسلامية]
Abstract The study aimed to explore the impact of modern social media on marital conflicts and to outline the Islamic guidelines that preserve marital life. It utilized the inductive approach by examining the views of Islamic jurists on related issues, the deductive approach to derive relevant rulings, and the descriptive approach to analyze the current use of social media in marital conflicts. The study concluded that social media could contribute to family cohesion if used within Islamic guidelines. However, certain inappropriate uses, such as illicit relationships, disclosing marital secrets, defamation, or spying, can exacerbate conflicts, making such actions generally impermissible according to Islamic jurisprudence. The study recommended launching awareness campaigns for Muslim families to clarify the pros and cons of social media and conducting societal studies and surveys to assess its influence on marital relationships. Keywords: social media, marital conflicts, Islamic jurisprudence. ملخص البحث هدفت الدراسة إلى بيان أثر وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي الحديثة على الخلافات الزوجية، مع تحديد الضوابط الشرعية التي تحافظ على الحياة الزوجية، واعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الاستقرائي باستقراء آراء الفقهاء حول هذه القضايا، والمنهج الاستنباطي لاستخلاص الأحكام الشرعية، والمنهج الوصفي لوصف واقع استخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي يمكن أن تساهم في بناء الأسرة إذا استُخدمت وفق الضوابط الشرعية، إلا أن بعض الاستخدامات السيئة مثل التعارف غير المشروع، إفشاء الأسرار، التشهير، أو التجسس تؤدي إلى تأجيج الخلافات الزوجية، مما يجعل الأصل فيها عند الفقهاء عدم الجواز، وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة إطلاق حملات توعوية للأسرة المسلمة لتوضيح إيجابيات وسلبيات وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي، وإجراء دراسات اجتماعية وإحصائيات لتحديد تأثيرها على العلاقة الزوجية. الكلمات المفتاحية: وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي، الخلافات الأسرية، الشريعة الإسلامية
THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF SAKINAH JUNID AS A FEMALE POLITICAL FIGURE IN MALAYA IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY [SUMBANGAN SAKINAH JUNID SEBAGAI TOKOH POLITIK WANITA DI TANAH MELAYU PADA AWAL ABAD KE-20]
Abstract The emergence of the Islah movement in the Malay Peninsula in 1906 raised awareness among society on various aspects, including politics, particularly among women. Women's involvement in politics in the Malay Peninsula significantly impacted all communities, especially women themselves. One such figure was Puan Sri Datin Hajjah Sakinah binti Syaikh Haji Junid, better known as Sakinah Junid, who served as the Head of the PAS Muslimat Council from 1965 to 1983. Therefore, this study aims to examine her background as a female figure playing a significant role in politics in the Malay Peninsula and her contributions to politics in the early 20th century. This qualitative study adopts a historical research approach, while the data collection method employs content analysis. The study finds that Sakinah Junid was a prominent female figure in politics who played a major role in leadership and the struggle for independence in the Malay Peninsula during the early 20th century. Keywords: Politics, Women, Contributions, Malay Peninsula, Early 20th Century Abstrak Kemunculan gerakan Islah di Tanah Melayu pada tahun 1906 telah memberi kesedaran terhadap masyarakat dalam pelbagai aspek termasuk politik dalam kalangan wanita. Penglibatan wanita dalam politik di Tanah Melayu memberi impak yang besar terhadap semua masyarakat khususnya kaum wanita itu sendiri. Salah satu tokoh tersebut ialah Puan Sri Datin Hajjah Sakinah binti Syeikh Haji Junid atau lebih dikenali sebagai Sakinah Junid merupakan Ketua Dewan Muslimat PAS pada tahun 1965 hingga 1983. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan dalam meneliti latar belakang beliau sebagai tokoh wanita yang berperanan dalam politik di Tanah Melayu dan sumbangannya dalam politik pada awal abad ke-20. Kajian ini merupakan kajian kualitatif yang menggunakan pendekatan kajian sejarah manakala kaedah pengumpulan data pula menggunakan pendekatan analisis kandungan. Justeru, kajian ini mendapati bahawa Sakinah Junid adalah seorang tokoh wanita dalam politik ini berperanan besar dalam memberi sumbangan terhadap kepimpinan dan juga perjuangan dalam menuntut kemerdekaan di Tanah Melayu pada awal abad ke-20. Kata Kunci: Politik, Wanita, Sumbangan, Tanah Melayu, Awal abad 20
DARULARAFAH RAYA STUDENTS’ OPINIONS IN INDONESIA ON THE SUITABILITY OF LEARNING LISTENING SKILL BY USING ARABIC CARTOON VIDEO SERIES “MARVELLOUS STORIES FROM QUR’AN” ["آراء طالبات معهد دار العرفة رايا في إندونيسيا حول مدى تناسب تعلم مهارة الاستماع باستخدام مسلسل فيديو كرتون عربي "قصص العجائب في القرآن]
Abstract This research aims to figure out the first-grade senior high school students’ opinions in Darularafah Raya Islamic Boarding School on the suitability of using Arabic Cartoon Video Series “Marvellous Stories from Qur’an” entitled “Sleeping in the Cave” in studying listening skill in terms of the video content and the art direction of video. The researchers carried out the test for thirty students and the interview with six students after teaching listening skill in order to collect the data. This research used the descriptive analytical method for analyzing the data from the interview qualitatively with the assistance of Atlas.ti software. This research found out that the students’ opinion on the video content and the art direction of video indicated that using this video in this teaching process is suitable in terms of the clarity of story plot in video, the clarity and attractiveness of video images, and the duration of video, whereas it is not suitable in terms of the vocabulary and sentences used in video and the clarity and speed of video sound, however the students enjoyed this teaching process. Therefore, the researcher recommended to slow down the speed of the video and give the meanings of difficult vocabulary used in the video before playing it for teaching listening skill to the students. Keywords: students’ opinions, listening skill, video cartoon ملخص البحث يهدف هذا البحث إلى الكشف عن آراء طالبات الصف الأول في المدرسة الثانوية في معهد دار العرفة رايا في إندونيسيا حول مدى تناسب استخدام مسلسل فيديو كرتون عربي "قصص العجائب في القرآن" بعنوان "المبيت في الغار" لتعلم مهارة الاستماع من جانبي محتوى الفيديو وإخراجه الفني. أجرت الباحثتان الاختبار لثلاثين طالبة والمقابلة مع ست طالبات بعد تعليم مهارة الاستماع من أجل جمع البيانات. واستخدم هذا البحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في تحليل بيانات المقابلة بشكل نوعي وبمساعدة برنامج أطلس. تي. أي. اكتشف هذا البحث أن آراء الطالبات في محتوى الفيديو وإخراجه الفني دلت على أن استخدام هذا الفيديو في هذه العملية التعليمية مناسب من حيث وضوح حبكة القصة، ووضوح صور الفيديو وجاذبيتها، ومدة الفيديو وأما استخدامه غير مناسب من حيث المفردات والجمل المستخدمة في الفيديو، ووضوح صوت الفيديو وسرعته، وبالرغم من ذلك استمتعت الطالبات بهذه العملية التعليمية. ولذا اقترحت الباحثتان بتقليل سرعة الفيديو وعرض معاني المفردات الصعبة فيه قبل تشغيله لتعليم مهارة الاستماع للطالبات. الكلمات المفتاحية: آراء الطالبات، مهارة الاستماع، فيديو كرتون
LITERATURE REVIEW OF MALAY COMIC TRANSLATION INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGES [SOROTAN LITERATUR PENTERJEMAHAN KOMIK MELAYU KE BAHASA ASING]
Abstract The translation of literary works, particularly comic text genres, is not only neglected in Malaysia's academic scholars, but it is also a difficult and demanding task. This is especially true when translating language pairings from various language families. This is because the translation of such works is packed with unique linguistic styles and cultural elements, and it is frequently considered as a "plagiarized" creative output, even though these translated works play an equal role as other scholarly works. As a result, the purpose of this study is to identify previous research on the translation of comic texts into foreign languages, as well as to characterize the gaps that experts have yet to fill. This is a qualitative study with a content-analysis design. Data from specified sources, such as books, proceedings, journal articles, and theses, is then collected and examined descriptively. The study's findings show that the translation of Malay comic texts into foreign languages remains quite restricted in comparison to attempts in the reverse way. Meanwhile, many aspects of language, culture, and translation methodologies centered on the Malay-Arabic language pair and usingcomic texts as a corpus have yet to be empirically and extensively researched. As a result, it is provided that this study would contribute to the field of translation while also stimulating the agenda of global language and cultural knowledge transmission by internationalizing the Malay language through translation. Keywords: literature review, translation, Malay-Arabic comics, language and culture aspects; translation approaches Abstrak Terjemahan karya sastera terutamanya genre teks komik bukan sahaja lesu dan kurang mendapat pengiktirafan daripada dunia akademik di Malaysia, malahan merupakan satu tugasan yang mencabar dan rumit. Apatah lagi jika melibatkan terjemahan pasangan bahasa daripada keluarga bahasa berbeza. Hal ini kerana terjemahan karya ini sarat dengan gaya bahasa dan unsur budaya yang unik serta hanya dianggap sebagai hasil kreatif “ciplak”, meskipun peranan terjemahan karya ini setaraf dengan peranan karya akademik yang lain. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti kajian lepas berkaitan penterjemahan teks komik ke bahasa asing serta memerihal kelompangan yang belum dikaji oleh para sarjana. Kajian ini merupakan kajian kualitatif menggunakan reka bentuk analisis kandungan. Data yang diperoleh melalui bahan-bahan tertentu seperti buku, prosiding, artikel jurnal dan tesis kemudiannya dikumpulkan dan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan karya terjemahan teks komik berbahasa Melayu ke bahasa asing masih amat sedikit berbanding dengan usaha sebaliknya. Sementara, banyak lagi aspek bahasa, budaya dan pendekatan terjemahan yang memfokuskan pasangan bahasa Melayu-bahasa Arab dengan menggunakan teks komik sebagai korpus belum dikaji secara empirikal dan komprehensif. Sehubungan dengan itu, kajian ini diharap dapat memberi input dalam bidang penterjemahan sekaligus merancakkan agenda pemindahan ilmu bahasa dan budaya global di samping mengantarabangsakan bahasa Melayu melalui terjemahan. Kata Kunci: sorotan literatur, penterjemahan, komik Melayu-Arab, aspek bahasa dan budaya; pendekatan terjemahan
THE METHODOLOGY OF COMPARATIVE RELIGION STUDIES THROUGH TEXTUAL ANALYSIS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN IBN HAZM AND MAX MULLER [METODOLOGI KAJIAN PERBANDINGAN AGAMA SECARA TEKTUAL MENURUT IBN HAZM DAN MAX MULLER SATU PERBANDINGAN]
Abstrak Kajian ini membandingkan metodologi perbandingan agama antara dua tokoh terkemuka, Ibn Hazm, seorang ulama Islam dari Andalusia abad ke-11, dan Max Muller, ahli falsafah serta orientalis Jerman dari abad ke-19. Latar belakang budaya dan agama yang berbeza mempengaruhi pendekatan kedua-dua tokoh ini dalam kajian agama. Ibn Hazm, yang berpegang kepada Mazhab Zahiri, menggunakan pendekatan literal dan apologetik, menekankan kajian kritikal terhadap teks-teks suci Yahudi dan Kristian untuk mempertahankan kebenaran Islam. Sebaliknya, Max Muller menggunakan pendekatan filologi dan linguistik, dengan fokus kepada analisis teks-teks suci agama Timur seperti Hindu dan Buddha, bertujuan untuk memahami evolusi agama secara saintifik dan objektif. Kajian ini juga meneliti proses pengumpulan dan analisis data kedua-dua tokoh. Ibn Hazm lebih cenderung untuk mencari percanggahan dalam teks-teks agama lain, manakala Muller menekankan kajian bahasa dan sejarah perkembangan agama. Meskipun metodologi mereka berbeza, terdapat persamaan dalam penggunaan teks agama sebagai sumber utama kajian. Artikel ini merumuskan bahawa matlamat akhir kajian Ibn Hazm adalah untuk memperkukuhkan kedudukan Islam dalam perdebatan agama, manakala Muller bertujuan untuk mewujudkan pemahaman universal terhadap agama melalui kajian rasional. Kedua-dua tokoh telah memberikan sumbangan penting kepada disiplin perbandingan agama, walaupun dengan pendekatan yang sangat berbeza. Kata Kunci: Kajian Perbandingan Agama, Ibn Hazm, Max Muller, Kajian Tektual Agama Abstract This study compares the methodologies of comparative religion between two prominent figures, Ibn Hazm, an Islamic scholar from 11th century Andalusia, and Max Muller, a German philosopher and orientalist from the 19th century. The diverse cultural and religious backgrounds of these figures shaped their distinct approaches to religious studies. Ibn Hazm, a follower of the Zahiri school, employed a literal and apologetic approach, focusing on a critical examination of the sacred texts of Judaism and Christianity to defend the truth of Islam. In contrast, Max Muller utilized a philological and linguistic approach, analyzing the sacred texts of Eastern religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism, with the aim of understanding the evolution of religion from a scientific and objective perspective. This study also explores the data collection and analysis processes used by both scholars. Ibn Hazm was inclined to highlight contradictions in the texts of other religions, while Muller emphasized the study of language and the historical development of religious thought. Despite their methodological differences, both shared a reliance on religious texts as primary sources for their studies. The article concludes that Ibn Hazm’s ultimate goal was to strengthen the position of Islam in religious debates, whereas Muller aimed to establish a universal understanding of religion through rational inquiry. Both figures made significant contributions to the discipline of comparative religion, though with vastly different approaches. Keywords: Comparative Religion Studies, Ibn Hazm, Max Muller, ReligiousTextual Analysis
THE ROLE OF THE ABBASID CIVILIZATION IN THE RISE OF MUSIC AND SINGING IN IRAQ [PERANAN TAMADUN ABBASIYAH TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN MUZIK DAN NYANYIAN DI IRAQ]
Abstract Music in the Islamic Abbasid era gained great status until it reached its highest peak. This study aimed to reveal the role of the Islamic Abbasid civilization in the renaissance of music in Iraq, and the importance of the research was to shed light on a musical artistic civilization issue, because of its important background that lies in the role of the Islamic Abbasid civilization in the renaissance of music in Baghdad. This study adopted the descriptive and analytical approach. This study found that the Islamic Abbasid civilization was rich in arts that Arabs and Muslims still deal with. Keywords: Music, Abbasid, Islamic civilization, Singing, Iraq