TRANSFORMATION OF THE OTTOMAN FLEET UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF ‎HAYREDDIN BARBAROSSA 16TH CENTURY [TRANSFORMASI ARMADA AL-‘UTHMANIYYAH DI BAWAH PIMPINAN HAYREDDIN BARBAROSSA PADA ABAD KE-16M]

Fatimah Az Zahra Mughni, Ermy Azziaty Rozali, Ezad Azraai Jamsari

Abstract


Abstrak

 

Kerajaan al-‘Uthmaniyyah memberikan perhatian besar terhadap aktiviti perluasan kuasa dan perkembangan bidang ketenteraan laut. Kepimpinan Hayreddin Barbarossa menjadi salah satu sumber kekuatan ketenteraan armada al-‘Uthmaniyyah selepas beliau mula berkhidmat sebagai Panglima Tentera Laut al-‘Uthmaniyyah secara rasmi pada tahun 1533M. Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis latar belakang Hayreddin Barbarossa yang membentuk sifat kepimpinannya selain meneliti transformasi armada al-‘Uthmaniyyah di bawah pimpinan Hayreddin Barbarossa. Kajian ini dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan mengaplikasi analisis dokumen melalui sumber-sumber primer dan sekunder yang terpilih. Maklumat yang diperoleh kemudiannya disusun secara analisis tematik mengikut objektif yang telah ditetapkan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa kemuncak kegemilangan armada al-‘Uthmaniyyah pada awal abad ke-16M berkait rapat dengan sifat kepimpinan Hayreddin Barbarossa sehingga membolehkan laut Mediterranean berada di bawah pemerintahan al-‘Uthmaniyyah untuk tempoh yang lama. Beliau juga mendapat kepercayaan para sultan dan penduduk serta memperoleh banyak kemenangan dalam pertempuran. Berlaku perubahan yang signifikan dalam bidang ketenteraan al-‘Uthmaniyyah khususnya dalam struktur organisasi, pusat pengoperasian armada al-‘Uthmaniyyah serta teknologi peperangan yang digunakan. Namun begitu, berlaku kemerosotan sedikit demi sedikit dalam organisasi dan pengurusan armada al-‘Uthmaniyyah selepas kematian Hayreddin Barbarossa pada tahun 1546M.

 

Kata Kunci: Hayreddin Barbarossa; transformasi; kepimpinan; armada; abad ke-16M

 

Abstract

 

Ottoman Government concentrated to the activities of power expansion and the development of the naval sector. Hayreddin Barbarossa's leadership became one of the main sources of the Ottoman fleet's military strength after he officially began serving as naval commander in 1533 AD. This article aims to analyze the background of Hayreddin Barbarossa which shaped his leadership and the transformation in Ottoman fleet. This study is carried out by using a qualitative approach and applying document analysis through selected primary and secondary sources. The information obtained is then organized in a thematic analysis according to the objectives. The research findings show that the Ottoman fleet’s peak of the glory is at the beginning of the 16th century, closely related to the Hayreddin Barbarossa’s leadership, allowing the Mediterranean sea to be under Ottoman rule for a long period of time. He also gained the trust of the sultan, the people and won various battle. There were significant changes in the Ottoman military field, especially in the organizational structure, operating center of the Ottoman fleet and the technology used during war.‎ However, there was a gradual decline in the organization and management of the Ottoman fleet after Hayreddin’s death in 1546 AD.

 

Keywords: Hayreddin Barbarossa; transformation; leadership; the fleet; 16th century


Full Text:

PDF

References


A Rahman, P.N. (2011). Muslims of Andalus after the Fall of Granada: The Catholic Policy of ‎Destruction of Islam (898-934 Ah /1492-1525 C.E.). ‎ Disertasi Sarjana Tidak Diterbitkan, International Islamic University of Malaysia.

Abulafia, D. (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Agoston, G. (2012). Ottoman Military Organization (up to 1800). Dlm. Martel, G. (pnyt.). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of War, First Edition‎ (hlm. 1–9). Hoboken: Blackwell Publishing‎ Ltd.

Agoston, G. (2015). The Ottoman Empire and Europe. Dlm. Scott, H. (pnyt.). The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350-1750, Volume ‎II Cultures & Power‎ (hlm. ‎472-490‎). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Agoston, G. (2022). Ottoman Military and Naval Power in Comparative Perspective: Before and After Lepanto. Turkish Journal of History, 76, 1-19.

Atcil, M.Z. (2015). State and Government in the Mid-Sixteenth Century Ottoman Empire: The Grand Vizierates of Rüstem Pasha (1544-1561). Tesis Dr. Fal. Tidak Diterbitkan, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, The University of Chicago.

Az-Zuhairi, S.A.A. (2016). Khairuddin Barbarossa: Pahlawan Islam Penguasa Lautan. Pustaka Al-Kautsar.

Bayerle, G. (2011). Pashas, Begs, and Effendis: A Historical Dictionary of Titles and Terms in the Ottoman Empire. Piscataway: Gorgias Press.

Birdal, Murat. (2010). The Political Economy of Ottoman Public Debt: Insolvency and European Financial Control in the Late Nineteenth Century. London: Tauris Academic Studies.

Bostan, I. (2007). Ottoman Maritime Arsenals and Shipbuilding technology in the 16th and 17th centuries. Manchester: Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.

Burhanuddin Jalal, Azlan Iskandar Abdul Ghani, Sayuti Ab Ghani, Amnah Saayah Ismail, Mohd Kamarul Amree Mohd Sarkam, & Mohamed Shah Hussin Shah. (2018). Pemikiran Strategik Ketenteraan Berdasarkan Teks Arab Klasik ‘Tafrij al-Kurub fi Tadbir al-Hurub’ oleh Umar ibn Ibrahim al-Awasi 1353-1408M. Zulfaqar Journal of Defence Management, Social Science & Humanities. 1(2), 71–81.

Casale, G. (2010). The Ottoman Age of Exploration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Derradj, D.M. (2012). al-Dukhul al-‘Uthmani ila al-Jaza’ir wa Dawr al-Ikhwah Barbaros. Al-Jaza’ir: Elassala Edition & Distribution‎.

Fleet, K., Krämer, G., Matringe, D., Nawas, J. & Rowson, E.K. (2021). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Leiden: Brill.

Gürkan, E.S. (2006). Ottoman Corsairs in the Western Mediterranean and Their Place in the Ottoman-Habsburg Rivalry. Tesis Sarjana Tidak Diterbitkan, The Department of History, Bilkent University Ankara.

Gürkan, E.S. (2010). The Centre and the Frontier: Ottoman Cooperation with the North African Corsairs in the Sixteenth Century. Turkish Historical Review. 1(2), 125–163.

Gurkan, E.S. (2012). Espionage in the 16th century Mediterranean: Secret Diplomacy, Mediterranean go-betweens and the Ottoman-Habsburg Rivalry. Tesis Dr. Fal. Tidak Diterbitkan, Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Georgetown University.

Hamadi, A. (2009). Sirah al-Mujahid Khayr al-Din Barbaros. Dar al-Qasbah li

al-Nashr (Casbah Edition).

Heinsen-Roach, E. (2019). Consuls and Captives: Dutch-North African Diplomacy in the Early Modern Mediterranean. Rochester & Woodbridge: University of Rochester Press & Boydell & Brewer.

Hergul, I.C. (2019). Development of the Ottoman Maritime Technology in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Tesis Sarjana Tidak Diterbitkan, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Turkey.

Howard, D.A. (2017). A History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Imber, C. (1996). Studies in Ottoman History and Law. Istanbul: The Isis Press.

Imber, C. (2002). The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

İnalcık, Halil. (2001). The Ottoman Empire the Classical Age 1300–1600‎. Phoenix.

Isom-Verhaaren, C. (2007). “Barbarossa and His Army Who Came to Succor All of Us”: Ottoman and French Views of Their Joint Campaign of 1543-1544. French Historical Studies. 30(3), 395-425.

Karzek, S.A. (2021). Ottoman Corsairs in the Central Mediterranean and the Slave Trade in the 16th Century. Tesis Sarjana Tidak Diterbitkan, Department of History Ihsan Dogramaci Bilkent University, Ankara.

Kiel, M. (2018). The Medrese and Imaret of Hayreddin Barbarossa on the Island of Lesbos / Midilli: A Little-Known Aspect of the Cultural History of Sappho’s Island under the Ottomans (1462–1912). Shedet. 5(5), 162–176.

Klarer, M. (2019). Piracy and Captivity in the Mediterranean: 1550-1810. London: Routledge.

Ladja, T. & Bensaid, B. (2014). A Cultural Analysis of Ottoman Algeria (1516-1830): The North–South Mediterranean Progress Gap. Islam and Civilisational Renewal. 5(4), 567-585.

Mcdougall, J. (2017). A History of Algeria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mercieca, S. (2010). The Battle of Preveza 1538: The Knights of Malta's Perspective. Preveza B. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium for the History and Culture of Preveza, 16-20 September 2009, Preveza.

Meriem, B & Derradj, D.M. (2021). al-‘Alaqah al-‘Askariyyah bayn al-Dawlah al-‘Uthmaniyyah wa Iyalat al-Jaza’ir 1520-1830 al-Tajnid al-‘Askari Namudhajan. Majallat al-‘Ibar li al-Dirasat al-Tarikhiyyah wa al-Athariyyah fi Shimal Ifriqiyya. 4, 554-574.

Merighi, M. (2020). The Crest of Islamic Sea Power. Dlm. Roorda, E. (pnyt.). The Ocean Reader: History, Culture, Politics (hlm. 210-214). New York: Duke University Press.

Merriman, R. (1944). Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520-1566. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press.

Mitos, I. (2016). Between Fact and Fiction in the Mediterranean: Revisiting the History, Legend, and Legacy of Barbarossa. Tesis Sarjana Tidak Diterbitkan, University of the Peloponnese.

Muradi, Seyyid. t.th. Gazavat-I Hayreddin Pasa. t.tp. t.pt.

Pedani, M.P. 2017. The Ottoman-Venetian Border (15th-18th Centuries). Terj. Sala, M. Venice: Edizioni Ca’ Foscari.

Polat, G. (2015). An Anonymous Ottoman Compendium on Nautical Instruments and Navigation: Kitabu'l-Mururi'l-Ubur fi Ilmi'l-Berri Ve'l-Buhur. Mediterranea-Ricerche Storiche. 34, 375-400.

Redhouse, J.W. (1890). A Turkish and English Lexicon. Constantinople: American Mission.

Reis, Piri. t.th. Kitab-I Bahriyye. Jil. 1. t.tp. t.pt.

Reis, Piri. t.th. Kitab-I Bahriyye. Jil. 2. t.tp. t.pt.

Sazali Abdul Wahab, Raduan Che Rose & Suzana Idayu Wati Osman. (2012). Defining the Concepts of Technology and Technology Transfer: A Literature Analysis. International Business Research. 5(1), 61-71.

Shaw, S.J. (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey Volume I: Empire of the ‎Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280-1808. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Shaw, S.J. (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey Volume I: Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280-1808. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Somel, S.A. (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.

Soucek, S. (2012). Five Famous Ottoman Turks of the Sixteenth Century. Osmanlı Araştırmaları. 40(40), 325–341.

Wilson, W. de A. (2019). Khayr al-Din Barbarossa: Clashing Portraits of a Corsair-King‎. Dlm. Klarer, Mario (pnyt.). Piracy and Captivity in the Mediterranean ‎1550-1810 (hlm. ‎223-233‎). London: Routledge.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.