THE EFFORTS OF ANCIENT ARAB SCHOLARS IN GENERAL AND GRAMMARIANS IN PARTICULAR IN THE ROOTING OF THE THEORY OF TEXTUAL GRAMMAR [جهود علماء العرب القدامى عامة والنحاة خاصة في تأصيل جذور نظرية نحو النص]
Abstract
The scholars of Arabic, in the past and in the present, paid great attention to the concept of the text, and gave it great care, even if they did not state the modern term for it. The scholars of Arabic have realized since ancient times that the text is the complete and final picture by which the understanding takes place, and through it communication takes place between the members of the linguistic group. It’s manifested meanings, then installed to match the purpose for which the text was built, for each station there is an article, and they also paid attention to the novel, the news and the hadith, and they boasted of eloquent speech. Their texts aim to achieve the benefit, and convey the verbal or written message to the recipient, with defining the intent and the will, and the multiple textual means are what distinguishes the text for them from others, achieve its unity and comprehensiveness, and testify to it with eloquence, quality and approval of Arabic. The Arab heritage defined the text as a coherent and harmonious linguistic structure according to a special pattern, characterized by structural features that make it a distinct entity. Just as our Arabic approach is toward a sentence, and toward a text together. The text that the creator creates is not created by a single word. Creativity takes place from the combination of words and vocabulary inside the sentences, then the sentences follow into systems and weave a system into a coherent rope integrated systems that amount to being a text, and this is what I have proven This study, which collected a lot of scholars’ opinions and sayings, and examined them closely, to confirm the knowledge of grammarians in modern grammatical theory, its principles and concepts, and to prove their awareness of the science of the text. They presented many principles and frameworks for an integrated textual Arabic grammatical theory. They did not put their efforts into a well-defined, well-defined linguistic theory of ideas called ‘text theory’.
Keywords: text concept - syntax - sentence and speech boundary - systems theory - communicative language - textual grammatical theory
ملخص
لقد اهتم علماء العربية قديما وحديثا بمفهوم النص وأولوه عناية فائقة ،وإن لم يصرحوا بالمصطلح الحديث له، كما أنهم بنوا قواعد لغتهم على أصول نحوية راعت المُرسِل والمُرسَل إليه ،وركزت على تبليغ الرسالة من خلال بنية النص الداخلية والخارجية . ولقد أدرك علماء العربية منذ القدم أن النص هو الصورة الكاملة والأخيرة التي يتم بها الإفهام ،وعن طريقها يتم التواصل بين أفراد المجموعة اللغوية ،فالنص عندهم بالإجماع ليس مجموعة جمل فقط ، يدلل على ذلك أن العرب اهتمت بلغتها ومنطقها وإنتاجها اللغوي أيما اهتمام، وانتقت ألفاظه وفق معانيها المتجلية، ثم ركبتها لتتناسب مع الغرض الذي من أجله بُنِي النص، فلكل مقام مقال ، كما أنهم اهتموا بالرواية والخبر والحديث ،وتباهوا بالكلام الفصيح . إن نصوصهم تروم تحقيق الإفادة، وتبليغ الرسالة الملفوظة أو المدونة للمتلقي ،مع تحديد القصد والإرادة ،والوسائل النصية المتعددة هي التي تميز النص عندهم عن غيره ، وتحقق له وحدته وشموليته ،وتشهد له بالفصاحة والجودة وموافقة العربية . إن التراث العربي عرف النص بوصفه بناءً لغويًا متماسكًا ومنسجمًا وفق نسقٍ خاصٍ ،يتسم بسماتٍ تركيبيةٍ تجعلُ منه كيانًا ميزًا . كما أن نحونا العربي نحو جملةٍ، ونحو نصٍ معا، فالنص الذي ينشئه المبدع لا يكون إبداعه بالكلمة الواحدة، وإنما يتم الإبداع من تركيب الألفاظ والمفردات داخل الجمل، ثم تتابع الجمل في نظم ونسج منظوم في حبل مترابط متكامل النظم يرقى لكوه نصًا ،وهذا ما أثبتته هذه الدراسة التي جمعت الكثير من آراء العلماء وأقوالهم ودققت التمحيص فيها لتؤكد على إلمام علماء النحو بالنظرية النحوية الحديثة ،وبمبادئها وبمفاهيمها ، ولتثبت وعيهم بعلم النص ، فقد قدموا كثيرا من المبادئ والأطر لنظرية نحوية عربية نصية متكاملة ،وإ ن كان ما يؤخذ على علماء العرب أنهم لم يقدموا جهودهم في - نظرية لغوية مكتملة الأركان-واضحة المعالم - مرتبة الأفكار تدعى ب"النظرية النصية.
الكلمات المفتاحية: مفهوم النص – نحو الجملة – حد الجملة والكلام - نظرية النظم – اللغة التواصلية - نظرية نحوية نصية
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