TURKISH ISLAMISM AT A CROSSROADS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF MILLI GÖRÜŞ HAREKETI (MGH) (1970-2002) [ISLAMISME TURKI DI PERSIMPANGAN JALAN: ANALISIS SEJARAH DAN PERKEMBANGAN MILLI GÖRÜŞ HAREKETI (MGH) (1970-2002)]

Muhammad Khalis Ibrahim, Mohd Roslan Mohd Nor

Abstract


Gerakan Wawasan Nasional (Milli Görüş Hareketi-MGH) merupakan gerakan Islamis paling menonjol di Turki. Sebagaimana gerakan-gerakan Islamis yang lain, MGH turut berhadapan dengan konflik dalaman sehingga melahirkan dua kumpulan yang bertentangan. Justeru, artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sejarah dan perkembangan MGH sejak awal penubuhannya sehingga ia mengalami kemuncak perpecahan dalaman pada tahun 2001. Berdasarkan metode analisis historikal terhadap teks-teks yang berkaitan, artikel ini mendapati bahawa cabaran dan penentangan yang dihadapi telah menatijahkan kepada perpecahan dalaman MGH sehingga melahirkan dua aliran dengan pendekatan yang berbeza. Aliran konservatif telah menubuhkan Parti Kebahagiaan (Saadet Partisi-SP), manakala aliran reformis pula mendirikan Parti Keadilan dan Pembangunan (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi-AKP). Persimpangan jalan yang berlaku dalam kalangan penggerak MGH ini menunjukkan wujudnya perbezaan intepretasi antara dua aliran dalam kumpulan yang sama terhadap isu dan cabaran yang juga sama. Dari sudut penerimaan dalam pilihan raya, AKP sememangnya lebih mendapat tempat di hati masyarakat yang secara umumnya cenderung kepada parti yang pragmatik, mampu beradaptasi dengan realiti sekularisme Turki dan mengutamakan agenda politik yang praktikal berbanding ideologikal. Hakikat ini jelas terzahir di mana sehingga kini, AKP masih menjadi parti paling dominan dalam lanskap politik Turki, manakala SP pula semakin terpinggir daripada sokongan masyarakat.

 

Kata kunci: Islamisme, Islamis, Milli Görüş Hareketi, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, Saadet Partisi

  

The National View Movement (Milli Görüş Hareketi-MGH) is the most prominent Islamist movement in Turkey. Like other Islamist movements, MGH also faced internal conflicts that gave birth to two opposing groups. Thus, this article aims to analyze the history and development of MGH from its establishment until it reached its peak of internal conflict in 2001. Based on the historical analysis of the relevant texts, this article found that the challenges and resistance faced by the MGH have led internal clash among its members which each adhered to different approaches. The conservative group has established the Felicity Party (Saadet Partisi-SP), while reformists founded the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi-AKP). The crossroads that occurred among the MGH members showed the divergence in interpretation between the two groups in the same movement on the same issues and challenges. From electoral point of view, the AKP managed to gain more support from people which generally inclined towards a pragmatic party that able to adapt with secularism and prioritize a practical rather than ideological agenda. This fact is clearly evident where to date, the AKP is still the most dominant party in Turkish political landscape, while the SP is increasingly marginalized from gaining public support.

 

Keyword: Islamism, Islamists, Milli Görüş Hareketi, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, Saadet Partisi


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