Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space
The Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space (GMJSS) is an international, multidisciplinary journal jointly published 4 times per year in February, May, August and November (since 2017) by UKM Press. The GMJSS was formerly known as Jurnal Ilmu Alam, a yearly publication, which was first published in May 1972 by the Department of Geography, UKM. GMJSS strive to continue the long and illustrious history and to emulate the excellent tradition of knowledge sharing and dissemination of the former journal, providing venue for sharing and discussion of problems and issues in the developing world. It considers theoretical and empirical articles that deal with the physical and human environments and developmental issues from geographical and interrelated disciplinary viewpoints. The journal welcomes contributions from geographers as well as other scholars from the humanities, social sciences and environmental sciences with a research interest in the developing world. Articles are published in Malay and English. The journal will only accept submissions send through online system. This is an open access journal. As such and in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access, all content of this journal is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. The jurnal is currently indexed in : Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) in Web of Science ERA Ranked Journal List MyCite MyJurnal ISSN: 2180-2491 e-ISSN: 2682-7727
UAV-Based photogrammetry for cultural heritage mapping and 3D modelling of Kota Lama Duyong, Terengganu
Cultural heritage buildings are increasingly exposed to environmental degradation, urban development and inadequate documentation, creating an urgent need for efficient and accurate digital preservation approaches. This study examines the application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based photogrammetry for three-dimensional (3D) documentation and visualization of Kota Lama Duyong, a historically significant heritage structure located in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. UAV image acquisition was carried out using a DJI Mavic 2 Pro through automated double grid and circular flight missions to ensure sufficient image overlap and comprehensive façade coverage in a spatially constrained environment. A total of 180 aerial images were processed using Agisoft Metashape Professional, employing Structure-from-Motion (SfM) and Multi-View Stereo (MVS) techniques to generate sparse and dense point clouds, polygonal mesh models, textured 3D surfaces and orthoimages. The results demonstrate that UAV-based photogrammetry can produce geometrically coherent and visually detailed 3D models suitable for cultural heritage documentation, visualization and digital archiving, even under challenging site conditions. Minor geometric distortions were observed in areas affected by vegetation and infrastructural obstructions; however, the overall model quality remains adequate for heritage recording purposes. This study confirms that UAV photogrammetry represents a cost-effective, flexible and practical solution for heritage digitization and contributes region-specific empirical evidence to support the integration of UAV-derived 3D models into GIS-based cultural heritage management and conservation frameworks. Keywords: GIS, heritage building, Kota Lama Duyong, photogrammetry, UAV mapping
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Quantifying the effects of present and future LULC dynamics on landslide susceptibility: A case study of Idukki District (2021-2050)
Land use and land cover (LULC) changes represent significant anthropogenic factors affecting slope stability in mountainous regions. This study examines the impact of LULC changes from 2021 to 2050 on Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (LSM) in the Idukki district by employing Remote Sensing, Geographic Information System (GIS), and statistical modelling. Initially, a spatial geodatabase of nineteen conditioning parameters and historical landslide events was developed. Subsequently, the existing LULC (2021) and projected LULC (2050) were generated using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based Cellular Automata Model. Finally, a future LSM was forecasted using conditioning factors, landslide inventory data, and future LULC through the Frequency Ratio (FR) model. The simulated results indicated a significant increase in the built-up area (4.46%) and a reduction in bare ground (3.22%), with the predicted future LS results showing a 26% rise in the Very High LS zone. These findings hold substantial implications for regional planning in hazard-prone areas, and reforestation measures to mitigate slope instability for disaster risk reduction in the study area. Keywords: ANN, Frequency Ratio Model, GIS, landslide susceptibility, land use and land cover, Remote Sensing
Integration of water quality in the habitat simulation approach of an Environmental Flow Assessment (EFA)
Determining environmental flow (EF) using the habitat simulation approach without considering water quality does not accurately reflect true ecosystem health. This study integrates water quality components into the determination of EF at Lata Sempeneh, Perak, upstream of the Kurau River. Six cross-sections were established and data on hydraulic variables, water quality parameters and aquatic insects were collected from October 2018 to September 2019. The mean annual flow (MAF) was 1.67 m³/s and aquatic insects (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and Odonata (EPTO)) were selected as the ecological indicators. Habitat Suitability Curves (HSCs) for velocity, water depth and substrate were developed and both slope and curvature methods were applied to determine the EF. The EPTO taxa showed the highest preference for velocities of 0.21–0.40 m/s, depths of 0.21–0.40 m and substrate sizes ranging from −2.01 phi to −4.00 phi. The EF values obtained from the slope and curvature methods were 0.73 m³/s and 1.03 m³/s, corresponding to 43.8% and 61.5% of the MAF, respectively. Water quality validation indicated that an EF of 61.5% of the MAF was most appropriate. This flow ensures that recreational water conditions at Lata Sempeneh comply with the National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia, specifically Class II. The inclusion of water quality in Environmental Flow Assessment (EFA) resulted in an EF that is closer to the MAF, thereby helping to maintain ecosystem integrity and ensure its continued functioning. Keywords: EF, EFA, environmental flow, environmental flow assessment, EPTO, flow
Household preparedness for natural hazards: The role of financial readiness, training programs, and disaster-specific actions
Natural Hazards are a critical concern that all members of society need to address, especially vulnerable individuals living in disaster-prone areas. The purpose of this study is to examine household preparedness levels for natural hazards, considering various factors including financial readiness (e.g.: financial savings for natural hazards and recovery), training and education programs, and specific preparedness actions. Guided by Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), the study employed the Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariate logistic regression, and heat map analysis to investigate the complex relationships between a household’s preparedness level and various influencing factors. Findings revealed that savings for natural hazards are the most significant financial factors determining readiness for risks, while other indicators like family money and insurance coverage do not. Training and knowledge sharing positively impact household preparedness for hazards, with multivariate results showing a strong positive relationship of 80% between first aid/CPR training and having trained household members, a trend further visualized through correlation heat maps. Moreover, the study found a strong positive correlation between household hazard preparedness measures like storing emergency supplies, discussing hazard risks, and preparing first aid kits. It also highlighted the importance of communication, strategic planning, and safety measures in enhancing disaster preparedness. The study recommends promoting emergency reserves, financial literacy, and education on natural disaster risks to help families with low savings and encourage precautionary measures. Keywords: Financial readiness, household preparedness, logistic regression, natural hazard, training programs
Comparison of Random Forest and Support Vector Machine algorithms in urban land use and land cover classification
A precise and up-to-date land use and land cover (LULC) map is crucial for sustainable development planning and monitoring environmental change. Various machine learning (ML) algorithms are widely used to classify remote sensing data for mapping the Earth’s surface, particularly Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Although numerous comparative studies evaluating these two algorithms exist, their results remain inconsistent and vary across geographic regions and datasets. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of ML algorithms of Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) for LULC classification in the Seremban and Port Dickson districts, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. LULC classification was conducted using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, utilizing Landsat 5 TM imagery for the year 2010 and Landsat 8 OLI imagery for the year 2020. The findings revealed that the RF classifier outperformed the SVM classifier, achieving higher overall accuracy of 0.918 (2010) and 0.890 (2020) compared to 0.780 (2010) and 0.842 (2020) for SVM. RF also demonstrated a higher Kappa coefficient (0.8589 in 2010; 0.8093 in 2020) than SVM (0.6384 in 2010; 0.7318 in 2020). Based on the accuracy metrics, forest, agriculture and built-up areas exhibited lower classification accuracy due to mixed and complex LULC patterns, whereas water bodies were classified with high accuracy by both classifiers due to their distinct spectral characteristics. Overall, the RF algorithm demonstrates superior performance in mixed-class classification and more efficiently handles large volumes of medium-resolution images. Future research may explore hybrid models that combine RF with deep learning or other ML algorithms, alongside higher-resolution imagery and global datasets, to improve classification accuracy and broaden comparative perspectives. Keywords: Google Earth Engine, kappa coefficient, Landsat satellite imagery, land use and land cover, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine
Assessing the influence of pro-environmental behaviour, green self-efficacy and green trust on community participation in Klang River cleaning initiatives
The Klang River is one of the most polluted urban rivers in Malaysia, largely due to mismanaged solid waste, low public awareness and limited community engagement in non-structural river rehabilitation initiatives. This study examines the influence of pro-environmental behaviour (PEB), green self-efficacy (GSE) and green trust (GT) on the intention to participate in river cleaning activities among small boat operators who depend directly on the river for their livelihoods. Guided by Self-Determination Theory and Self-Perception Theory, a quantitative survey was conducted involving 267 respondents and the data were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that PEB and GSE significantly and positively influence participation intention, indicating that individuals who possess strong environmental values and a high sense of personal capability are more likely to engage in river-cleaning initiatives. In contrast, GT demonstrates a weaker and less consistent effect, suggesting that trust in environmental programmes alone is insufficient to motivate active participation without a corresponding sense of agency and competence. The results further indicate that participation is driven more by intrinsic motivation and direct livelihood dependence on the river than by institutional confidence or external incentives. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening environmental self-efficacy and internalised pro-environmental values within riverine communities to sustain long-term involvement in river rehabilitation. The study contributes to river basin management and community-based conservation literature by emphasising that effective river restoration requires not only structural interventions but also the empowerment of local stakeholders through awareness, skills development and participatory governance. Keywords: Green self-efficacy, green trust, intention to participate, pro-environmental behaviour, time bank
The role of women as agents of change in the management of waste and environment in the study of ecofeminism
Ecofeminism actively rejects the notion of returning women to the realms of myth, stereotype and domestication; it boldly addresses these issues through a strong feminist consciousness. This perspective highlights the need to balance relationships within society and within environmental discourse. This article intends to explore two main objectives: 1) the connection between ecofeminism and the role of women in environmental issues and 2) the position of women as agents of change in the environment. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach to analyzing women's participation in environmental management from an ecofeminist perspective. The study is conducted in Patemon Village, Pakintelan Village and Sekaran Village in Semarang City. The primary subjects of this research are women actively involved in waste management. From each village, two representatives were selected, along with one supporting informant. Data was collected through interviews, observations and documentation. To ensure validity, data were cross-verified through triangulation. Data analysis was conducted in an interpretative and interactive manner. The results of this study indicate that: 1) the role of women in waste management has undergone a significant transformation, including changes in their knowledge and behavior concerning waste and 2) waste management is still predominantly assigned to women due to social constructs that frame waste as a domestic issue, thus it becomes women's responsibility. Culturally, many communities continue to uphold patriarchal norms that prioritize men, leading to a perception that managing household waste is not suitable for them. Keywords: Agent of change, feminism, role, waste management, women
Development strategies for rural-based tourism in supporting sustainable tourism: A comparative study of Indonesia and Malaysia
Rural tourism contributes to community resilience, cultural preservation, and environmental stewardship, yet faces persistent sustainability challenges. In Indonesia and Malaysia, rural tourism has emerged as an alternative to urban-centered development, but many destinations struggle to balance economic gains with cultural and ecological sustainability. This study aims to examine the dynamics of rural tourism development in selected sites across both countries by applying Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model and the Sustainable Rural Development (SRD) framework. Drawing upon qualitative fieldwork, comparative case studies, and spatial-temporal analysis, the research explores how tourism initiatives evolve, how communities adapt, and the extent to which tourism fosters inclusive and sustainable development. The study is expected to produce a conceptual model that integrates TALC with SRD, providing a nuanced understanding of tourism growth stages and their socio-environmental implications. Addressing the research gap in cross-country comparative analysis of rural tourism, the findings will offer theoretical and practical insights into designing strategies that enhance sustainability while respecting cultural and ecological contexts. The implications extend to policymakers, local communities, and tourism stakeholders in advancing rural tourism as a catalyst for equitable development aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Keywords: Comparative study, Indonesia, Malaysia, rural based tourism, social entrepreneurship, sustainable rural development
The langgar as identity in Kampung Kauman Yogyakarta, Indonesia
This article examines the role of the langgar as an element of identity in Kauman, Yogyakarta. Historically, Kauman, Yogyakarta, was part of the Yogyakarta Palace, and the Great Mosque (Masjid Gedhe) was built there. Kauman served as a residential area for the mosque's caretakers, known as Ketib. The Ketib had a langgar closely associated with their home. The langgars in Kauman, Yogyakarta, have evolved into a shared space for residents, serving multiple roles. Using a qualitative, grounded theory approach, this research explores the relationship between the langgar's functional role and the experiences of local residents and visitors. The findings indicate that, beyond their function as places of worship, the langgars serve as an identity marker for Kampung and are managed by local residents. This research contributes to the discourse on architecture and local theory related to the socio-spatial sustainability of Kauman, Yogyakarta. Keywords: Kampung, Kauman Yogyakarta, langgar, place identity, settlement
Exploratory analysis of the demographic and socio-economic factors influencing divorce rates in Benue state, Nigeria
This exploratory study investigates demographic and socio-economic factors influencing divorce rates in Benue State, Nigeria, amid rising marital dissolution despite strong cultural and religious marriage traditions. Data were collected via structured questionnaires from 400 divorced individuals in three purposively selected Local Government Areas (Makurdi, Otukpo, Kwande), representing the state's senatorial zones. Snowball and purposive sampling targeted those with direct divorce experience. Key variables such as age at first marriage, income, education, and occupation were analyzed against marriage duration using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Findings indicate trends such as elevated divorce rates among those marrying at ages 25–34 (31.5%; marriages lasting 1–5 years) and low earners below the national minimum wage (31.3%; marriages lasting 6–10 years). Only occupation showed a significant association with marital duration (p<0.05), with 41.0% of cases highlighting its role in reflecting economic capacity and social status. Results underscore occupation's pivotal influence on marital stability, beyond other factors. The study recommends targeted policies addressing employment and income disparities to enhance marital outcomes. Keywords: Benue State, demographic factors, divorce, marriage, socio-economic factors, trend
Securitised humanitarianism and the partial securitisation of Syrian refugees in Jordan
The protracted Syrian conflict is one of the largest displacement crises in recent history, worldwide, forcing Jordan to accommodate a large number of refugees under conditions of regional insecurity and economic strain. This study employs the Copenhagen Securitisation theory as a theoretical framework and examines how the Syrian refugee crisis has been partially securitised in Jordan, as well as how securitisation narratives are constructed, institutionalised, and received by different audiences. Adopting a convergent mixed-methods design, the study combines qualitative interviews with security actors, media representatives, government officials and humanitarian organisations with a quantitative survey of Syrian refugees and Jordanian citizens (n = 100). The qualitative findings demonstrate that political and security elites frame refugees primarily as social, economic and security threats, legitimising extraordinary measures such as biometric registration, border restrictions and camp securitisation. Quantitative results reveal selective audience acceptance, with social and economic threat framings resonating more strongly than terrorism-related narratives. This divergence highlights the contingent and negotiated nature of securitisation, rather than its automatic success. The study concludes that Jordan’s refugee governance reflects a hybrid model of securitised humanitarianism, in which restrictive security practices coexist with humanitarian commitments and donor-driven assistance. By integrating elite discourse with public perception, the research contributes to securitisation theory by demonstrating how partial audience acceptance can sustain security-oriented policies without full societal consensus. Keywords: Humanitarian, Jordan, national security, securitisation, state response, Syrian refugees
Determining the influences of participation in community activities on socioeconomic well-being in Adamawa State, Nigeria
Participation in community activities has increasingly been recognised as an important mechanism for improving socioeconomic well-being, particularly in developing regions where formal institutional support is limited. This study examines the influence of participation in community activities on socioeconomic well-being among residents of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Grounded in the structural-functionalist perspective of Émile Durkheim, the study conceptualises participation as a social process that strengthens solidarity, cooperation, and access to collective resources. A quantitative cross-sectional research design was employed, and data were collected from 376 residents of Yola North and Yola South Local Government Areas using a structured questionnaire. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The findings reveal that both participation in community activities and socioeconomic well-being are generally low among residents of Adamawa State. However, the results demonstrate that participation in community activities has a significant positive influence on socioeconomic well-being (β = .20, p = .001). This suggests that increased engagement in community groups, cooperative societies, and local associations enhances access to social support, resources, and opportunities that contribute to improved livelihoods. The study concludes that strengthening community participation can serve as a viable strategy for improving socioeconomic outcomes in disadvantaged regions. It therefore recommends policies that encourage inclusive community engagement and support grassroots development initiatives. Keywords: Citizen participation, collective action, social solidarity, socioeconomic, well-being
Exploring financial capability and rent arrears among PPR residents in Kuala Lumpur: A capability approach
The inability of residents to pay monthly rent for the Public Housing Programme (PPR) is a persistent social housing issue often associated with limited financial capability. Limited financial knowledge may weaken spending skills, debt prioritisation and long-term financial planning, thereby increasing the risk of rent arrears among low-income households. This study aims to explore the financial capability among PPR residents in Kuala Lumpur. Guided by the Capability Approach, the study conceptualises financial capability not only as knowledge but as the real opportunities’ individuals have to make meaningful financial decisions within structural constraints. A qualitative case study design was conducted. Three PPR in Kuala Lumpur were selected using purposive sampling specifically PPR Kampung Muhibbah, PPR Seri Pahang and PPR Seri Pantai. All data were collected using a semi-structured interview guideline with informed consent from all informants. A total of 15 residents were purposively selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analysed through thematic analysis supported by NVivo 15 software for systematic coding, categorising and theme development. The findings reveal four main themes of financial capability such as knowledge of spending, knowledge of financial protection, knowledge of debt management and financial attitudes and behaviour. By applying the Capability Approach, this study extends financial capability discussions beyond individual knowledge to include socio-economic constraints affecting financial well-being. The findings offer policy-relevant insights for improving PPR management sustainably and strengthening social worker interventions within urban low-income communities. Keywords: Capability approach theory, financial capability, Public Housing Programme (PPR), rent arrears
The rental rate mechanism in Islamic Finance and its role in promoting housing affordability and Sustainable Development (SDGs) in Malaysia
Islamic finance holds strong potential to accelerate progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in addressing housing affordability. In Malaysia, the housing sector has been a major driver of economic and social development since independence. However, housing affordability remains a persistent issue, calling for innovative and inclusive policy solutions. This study investigates key barriers to housing affordability and examines the role of Islamic finance in enhancing access to affordable housing in Malaysia. Using panel data analysis, the study compares three regression models Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Fixed Effects (FE) and Random Effects (RE) based on variables including household expenditure, population, interest rate, inflation rate and rental rate. The findings reveal that the rental rate in Islamic finance (RR) has a positive and significant impact on housing affordability, indicating its potential as an ethical and sustainable alternative to conventional interest-based mechanisms. By reducing financing costs and duration, the RR model enhances homeownership capacity and supports equitable housing access. The study offers policy implications for integrating Islamic finance instruments into national housing frameworks, contributing to SDG targets on sustainable cities, poverty alleviation and inclusive economic growth. Keywords: Affordability, housing development, islamic finance, socioeconomics, welfare economics
A cross-sectional study on gender traits, task preferences, and career aspirations among children and adolescents
Sustainable Development Goal 5 of the United Nations strongly advocates gender equality and women’s empowerment. This goal aims to ensure equal access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. Using a cross-sectional design, this research examines the children’s and adolescents' perceptions of gender traits, task preferences, and career aspirations. The chi-square test was employed to examine the difference, while a multinomial logistic regression analyzed the association between gender perceptions and demographics. Findings reveal significant developmental differences; adolescents demonstrated more gender-neutral views in their perceptions of gender roles. In terms of their specific task preferences, both groups acknowledged that many tasks are appropriate for both genders. Now, traditionally feminine tasks are widely accepted as gender-neutral, but there remains a highly masculine task, practical and DIY tasks. Significantly, adolescents expressed more inclusive attitudes toward career aspirations, challenging traditional gender norms, especially in fields like agriculture, machine trades, and structural work, which children still associate with males. Demographic analysis shows that females tend to hold more exclusive perspectives than males. In associating age with gender views, the peak of exclusivity is between 13-16, then declines at 17-20. This implies a progression of gender maturity and inclusiveness associated with age. Furthermore, more inclusive gender views emphasize the importance of family environments that are linked to parents' educational attainment and exposure to occupations. Given these findings, this study prescribes a multi-sector approach that families, communities, schools, and policymakers use to foster sustainable gender equality from early development through adolescence. Keywords: Careers, equality, inclusivity, stereotypes, tasks, traits
Navigating abnormal uncertainty in valuation: The case of property valuation in Sri Lanka
Uncertainty is inherent to property valuation, and valuation practitioners are accustomed to managing it. However, the compounded events: Easter attack, Covid-19 pandemic followed by the economic crisis in Sri Lanka introduced an unforeseen, abnormal level of uncertainty in the real estate markets from 2020 to 2023 or so, with which valuers were relatively unfamiliar. The domain of practitioners’ approaches to address abnormal uncertainty remains less explored. Accordingly, this paper aims to investigate how valuers in Sri Lanka dealt with abnormal uncertainty in valuation experienced during 2020 to 2023 or so. Employing a qualitative research approach, data for this study were gathered through in-depth interviews conducted in the first quarter of 2024 with purposively selected 12 professional valuers practicing in Sri Lanka. The study finds that the valuers largely relied on a mix of heuristic, pragmatic, and relationship-based strategies to navigate abnormal uncertainty against the background of data-poor and opaque real estate market. Professional judgement emerged as a central mechanism reconciling the conflicting market signals and the limited market evidence. While some of these practices demonstrate alignment with internationally recognised valuation guidelines and standards, some fall outside of formalised frameworks leading to behavioural uncertainty in valuation. The study highlights the need for the development of context-sensitive professional guidance for valuation under conditions of abnormal uncertainty to ensure consistency and transparency in valuation practice. Keywords: Abnormal uncertainty, behavioural uncertainty, emerging markets, heuristics adjustments, professional judgement, valuation, valuation standards
Relationship between emotional intelligence, job satisfaction and organizational commitment: A police context
Emotional intelligence is a crucial psychological support often using along with cognitive and psychomotor competencies that may improve and maintain police personnel well-being. A survey method was employed to collect 253 survey questionnaires at the Kuala Lumpur Police Contingent Headquarters in West Malaysia, The SmartPLS was used to analyze the quality of measurement model and test the structural model. The results of structural equation modeling tests revealed fifth essential findings: First, emotion regulation is insignificantly correlated to job satisfaction (β=-0.008; t=0.069) and organizational commitment (β=-0.050; t=10.511). Second, use of emotion and use of emotion are insignificantly correlated to job satisfaction (β=0.190; t=1.880) and organizational commitment (β=0.194; t=1.684). Third, self-emotion appraisal is significantly correlated to job satisfaction (β=0.347; t=2.887) and organizational commitment (β=0.290; t=2.599). Fourth, job satisfaction is significantly correlated to organizational commitment (β=0.436; t=5.507). Finally, the effect of emotion regulation (β=0.438; t=5.477) use of emotion (β=0.437; t=5.487) and self-emotion appraisal (β=0.437; t=5.707) on organizational commitment is mediated by job satisfaction. These findings demonstrate self-emotion appraisal as an enhancer of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Emotion regulation and use of emotion are not enhancers of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Job satisfaction is an enhancer of organizational commitment. Job satisfaction is a mediating variable between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment. Based on Cohen's criteria (between R² > 0.15 and < 0.26), the contribution of emotional intelligence to job satisfaction (R²=0.175) and organizational commitment (R²=0.162), the contribution of job satisfaction to organizational commitment (R2=0.190) and the combined contribution of emotional intelligence and job satisfaction to organizational commitment (R2=0.191) show a moderate to large effect. Further, this study offers valuable insights that police leadership can use to understand multiple perspectives on job satisfaction and design effective work life quality programs to sustain and achieve organizational strategies and objectives in an increasingly interconnected world. Keywords: Emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, police context
Tinjauan pelaksanaan ISO 37122 dalam pengurusan pencapaian bandar pintar di Malaysia (A review of ISO 37122 implementation in managing smart city performance in Malaysia)
Piawaian ISO 37122:2019 merupakan sukatan antarabangsa yang dibangunkan khusus untuk menilai prestasi bandar pintar melalui indikator berasaskan teknologi dan data masa nyata. Kajian ini bertujuan meneliti pemakaian ISO 37122 dalam konteks Malaysia dengan menumpukan kepada keberkesanan, cabaran dan kesesuaian indikator yang diguna pakai dalam menilai pencapaian bandar pintar. Kajian ini menggunakan tinjauan literatur naratif dan analisis kandungan secara kualitatif terhadap dokumen piawaian, laporan kerajaan serta kajian terdahulu berkaitan pelaksanaan ISO 37122 di peringkat tempatan dan global. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa ISO 37122 merupakan alat yang diiktiraf di peringkat global sebagai alat dalam mengukur pencapaian bandar pintar di sesebuah negara dengan cakupan indikator penilaian bagi semua domain bandar pintar. ISO 37122 juga dilihat mempunyai kekuatan dan keupayaan berbanding piawaian penilaian prestasi bandar pintar yang lain. Pemakaian piawaian ini di Malaysia pula adalah sejajar dengan visi dan misi Rangka Kerja Bandar Pintar Malaysia (MSCF) namun terdapat beberapa cabaran yang perlu diatasi agar sesuai dengan konteks tempatan. Kajian ini merumuskan bahawa kejayaan pemakaian ISO 37122 di Malaysia memerlukan penyesuaian indikator secara fleksibel, sokongan institusi yang kukuh dan peningkatan hubungan pihak berkepentingan dalam pengurusan bandar. Kajian ini mempunyai implikasi praktikal dengan menyediakan panduan strategik kepada pembuat dasar dan pihak berkuasa tempatan dalam menilai serta memperkukuh pencapaian bandar pintar di Malaysia secara lebih tersusun berasaskan ISO 37122 dan bersesuaian dengan konteks tempatan. Kata kunci: Bandar pintar, ISO 37122, pengukuran prestasi, pengurusan bandar, piawaian antarabangsa, Rangka Kerja Bandar Pintar Malaysia (MSCF) The ISO 37122:2019 standard is an international framework specifically developed to assess smart city performance using technology-based and real-time data indicators. This study aims to examine the application of ISO 37122 within the Malaysian context, focusing on the effectiveness, challenges and suitability of the indicators used in evaluating smart city achievements. This study employs a narrative literature review and qualitative content analysis of standardization documents, government reports,and previous studies related to the implementation of ISO 37122 at both local and global level. The findings reveal that ISO 37122 is internationally recognized as a comprehensive tool for measuring smart city performance across various domains. Compared to other performance assessment standards, ISO 37122 demonstrates greater strength and capability. Its implementation in Malaysia aligns with the vision and mission of the Malaysia Smart City Framework (MSCF). However, several challenges must be addressed to ensure contextual relevance. The study concludes that successful adoption of ISO 37122 in Malaysia requires flexible adaptation of indicators, strong institutional support and enhanced stakeholder collaboration in urban governance. This study has practical implications by providing strategic guidance to policymakers and local authorities in assessing and strengthening smart city performance in Malaysia in a more structured manner, based on ISO 37122 and aligned with the local context. Keyword: Smart city, ISO 37122, performance measurement, urban management, international standard, Malaysia Smart City Framework (MSCF)
Pemeliharaan warisan budaya dan kelestarian alam sekitar: Potensi ekopelancongan di Tasik Kenyir, Hulu Terengganu, Malaysia (Preservation of cultural heritage and environmental sustainability: The ecotourism potential of Tasik Kenyir, Hulu Terengganu, Malaysia)
Kajian ini menganalisis tahap kesedaran, penglibatan dan tindakan komuniti tempatan terhadap pemeliharaa warisan budaya dan kelestarian alam sekitar melalui ekopelancongan di Tasik Kenyir, Hulu Terengganu. Walaupun Tasik Kenyir dikenali sebagai destinasi ekopelancongan utama di Terengganu, isu penglibatan komuniti dalam usaha pemuliharaan warisan dan biodiversiti masih kurang diberi perhatian secara emipirikal. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk: (i) mengenal pasti tahap kesedaran masyarakat terhadap warisan budaya dan warisan semula jadi tempatan, (ii) menganalisis hubungan antara kesedaran, penglibatan dan tindakan pemuliharaan, serta (iii) menilai implikasi terhadap Pembangunan ekopelancongan mampan. Pendekatan kuantitatif digunakan melalui soal selidik terhadap 510 responden di sekitar Tasik Kenyir. Data dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan inferensi. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara kesedaran dan penglibatan komuniti (p,0.05) dan penglibatan turut memberi kesan signifikan terhadap tindakan pemuliharaan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa walaupun terdapat pengetahuan mengenai budaya tempatan, usaha pemuliharaan yang lebih proaktif diperlukan. Oleh itu, pendekatan ekopelancongan berasaskan komuniti perlu diperkukuhkan sebagai rangka strategi bagi kelestarian warisan di Tasik Kenyir. Kata kunci: Ekopelancongan, pembangunan mampan, pemuliharaan alam sekitar, penglibatan komuniti, warisan budaya This study examines the level of awareness, involvement, and actions of the local community toward the preservation of cultural heritage and environmental sustainability through ecotourism at Kenyir Lake, Hulu Terengganu. Although Tasik Kenyir is widely recognized as a major ecotourism destination in Terengganu, empirical attention to community participation in heritage conservation and biodiversity preservation remains limited. This study aims to: (i) identify the level of community awareness regarding local cultural and natural heritage; (ii) analyze the relationship between awareness, involvement and conservation actions; and (iii) assess the implications for sustainable ecotourism development. A quantitative approach through survey to gather data from 510 respondents in the area. Meanwhile, the data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings indicate a significant positive relationship between awareness and community involvement (p,0.05) and community involvement also has a significant effect on conservation actions. The findings indicate that while there is some awareness of local culture, more proactive conservation efforts are needed. Therefore, a community-based ecotourism approach is identified as a strategic framework to reinforce heritage sustainability in Tasik Kenyir. Keywords: Ecotourism, sustainable development, environmental conservation, community involvement, cultural heritage
Perubahan pola pengundi Melayu dan kesan terhadap prestasi UMNO pada kerusi Parlimen di Johor, PRU 15 (Changes in Malay voting patterns and their impact on UMNO’s performance in Parliamentary seats in Johor during the GE15)
Kajian ini meneliti perubahan pola pengundian masyarakat Melayu dan implikasinya terhadap prestasi UMNO di kerusi Parlimen negeri Johor dalam Pilihan Raya Umum ke-15 (PRU 15). Fokus utama kajian ini adalah menganalisis peralihan sokongan pengundi Melayu yang mempengaruhi kedudukan UMNO di Johor, yang sebelum ini dikenali sebagai kubu tradisi parti tersebut. Perubahan pola pengundian tersebut dikaitkan dengan beberapa faktor utama, antaranya krisis kepimpinan dan perpecahan dalaman UMNO, kemunculan parti dan gabungan politik baharu, pengaruh wacana politik identiti dan agama terhadap persepsi pengundi Melayu. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif bagi menganalisis pola pengundi dan tafsiran terhadap sumber yang dikaji, terutamanya helaian mata (score sheet) keputusan pilihan raya kerusi Parlimen di Johor bagi mendapatkan maklumat yang jitu. Selain itu, kajian ini turut menggunakan analisis keputusan pilihan raya bagi meneliti pola sokongan pengundi Melayu serta hubung kaitnya dengan prestasi UMNO bagi kerusi Parlimen di Johor. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa pola sokongan pengundi Melayu dan kemerosotan kesetiaan politik tradisional menyumbang secara signifikan terhadap prestasi yang tidak konsisten UMNO pada PRU 15 di Johor. Secara keseluruhannya, kajian ini menyimpulkan perubahan pola sokongan pengundi Melayu bukan sahaja mencerminkan transformasi tingkah laku politik masyarakat Melayu, malah menandakan cabaran struktural yang semakin kompleks terhadap kelangsungan dominasi politik UMNO di Johor pada era politik pasca hegemonik. Kata kunci: Johor, pengundi Melayu, pola pengundi, tingkah laku Politik, UMNO This study examines the changing voting patterns of the Malay community and its implications for UMNO's performance in the Johor parliamentary seats in the 15th General Election (GE15). The main focus of this study is to analyze the shift in Malay voter support that affected UMNO's position in Johor, which was previously known as the party's traditional stronghold. The change in voting patterns is linked to several key factors, including the leadership crisis and internal divisions in UMNO, the emergence of new political parties and coalitions, and the influence of identity and religious political discourse on Malay voter perceptions. This study uses a qualitative approach to analyze voting patterns and interpretations of the sources studied, especially the scoresheets of the parliamentary seat election results in Johor to obtain accurate information. In addition, this study also uses an analysis of election results to examine the support patterns of Malay voters and their relationship with UMNO's performance in the parliamentary seats in Johor. The study findings show that the support patterns of Malay voters and the decline in traditional political loyalty contributed significantly to UMNO's inconsistent performance in the 15th GE in Johor. Overall, this study concludes that the changing support patterns of Malay voters not only reflect the transformation of the political behavior of the Malay community, but also indicate an increasingly complex structural challenge to the continuation of UMNO's political dominance in Johor in the post-hegemonic political era. Keywords: Johore, Malay voters, voting patterns, political behavior, UMNO
Isu sosioekonomi di kawasan Parlimen P021 Parlimen Kota Bharu, Kelantan pasca PRU ke-15 (Socioeconomic issues in the area of P021 Kota Bharu parliamentary constituency, Kelantan after the 15th General Election)
Artikel ini meneliti keutamaan isu-isu yang dianggap penting oleh rakyat Kelantan untuk ditangani oleh parti politik khususnya dalam konteks pasca Pilihan Raya Umum ke 15. Berdasarkan data yang dikemukakan dalam tinjauan persepsi awam, enam isu utama telah dikenal pasti, antaranya ialah pemeliharaan kepentingan agama Islam, penurunan harga barang, peningkatan taraf hidup rakyat, peluang pekerjaan dan pemartabatan kedudukan orang Melayu serta peningkatan taraf infrastruktur. Penulisan artikel ini dilakukan berdasarkan data primer iaitu soal selidik terhadap 1,000 orang responden dari pelbagai latar belakang melibatkan 32 jumlah daerah di kawasan Parlimen Kota Bharu, Kelantan manakala data sekunder iaitu rujukan daripada kajian lepas dalam artikel jurnal, kertas seminar, laporan akhbar dan media sosial. Dapatan menunjukkan kecenderungan kuat rakyat terhadap isu agama berbanding ekonomi dan pembangunan fizikal, mencerminkan corak politik Kelantan yang unik dan konsisten dengan dominasi PAS di negeri tersebut. Artikel ini mengkaji bagaimana isu-isu ini mencerminkan corak sokongan politik serta implikasinya terhadap dasar awam dan strategi politik di negeri tersebut. Artikel ini merumuskan bahawa rakyat Kelantan mengekalkan sokongan terhadap kerajaan negeri pimpinan Pas di Kelantan atas dasar identiti agama dan budaya, namun pada masa yang sama menuntut perubahan dalam aspek pembangunan sosioekonomi dan pentadbiran yang lebih responsif. Oleh itu implikasi kajian ini adalah dapat menambahkan lagi data dan analisis kajian berkenaan politik pilihan raya di samping dapat mencadangkan pendekatan baharu kepada pembuat dasar. Kata kunci: Agama Islam, ekonomi rakyat, Kelantan, persepsi awam, Pilihan Raya Umum ke 15, politik Malaysia This article examines the priorities of issues that the people of Kelantan consider important to be addressed by political parties, especially in the context of the 15th General Election. Based on the data presented in the public perception survey, six main issues have been identified, including the preservation of the interests of Islam, the decline in the price of goods, the improvement of the people's living standards, job opportunities and the advancement of the Malays as well as the improvement of infrastructure standards. The writing of this article was done based on primary data, namely a questionnaire to 1,000 respondents from various backgrounds involving 32 districts in the Kota Bharu Parliamentary constituency, Kelantan, while secondary data, namely references from past studies in journal articles, seminar papers, newspaper reports and social media. The findings show that the people's strong inclination towards religious issues compared to economic and physical development, reflects the unique political pattern of Kelantan and is consistent with the dominance of PAS in the state. This article examines how these issues reflect the pattern of political support and their implications for public policy and political strategies in the state. This article concludes that the people of Kelantan maintain their support for the PAS-led state government in Kelantan on the basis of religious and cultural identity, but at the same time demand changes in the aspects of socio-economic development and more responsive administration. Therefore, the implications of this study are that it can add further data and analysis to studies regarding electoral politics, as well as being able to suggest new approaches to policymakers. Keywords: Islam, people’s economy, Kelantan, public perception, General Election 15, Malaysian politics
Model C6ISR Nasional Malaysia: Ancaman hibrid, jurang institusi dan pengajaran antarabangsa (Malaysian National C6ISR model: Hybrid threats, institutional gaps and international lessons)
Ancaman hibrid dan cabaran keselamatan multi domain terus mendedahkan kelemahan struktur dalam ekosistem keselamatan negara, khususnya dari segi penyepaduan fungsi risikan, pemantauan dan perintah antara agensi. Kajian ini meneliti jurang institusi tersebut dan membangunkan satu model konseptual C6ISR iaitu command, control, communications, computers, cyber, combat systems, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance yang sesuai dengan konteks operasi Malaysia. Menggunakan reka bentuk kualitatif berasaskan analisis dokumen, kajian menilai dokumen dasar utama negara, laporan keselamatan serantau serta literatur antarabangsa mengenai C4ISR, operasi multi domain, GEOINT dan governans keselamatan. Analisis tematik mengenal pasti tiga isu utama: struktur perintah yang terfragmentasi, tahap interoperabiliti yang terhad antara agensi pertahanan dan awam serta ketiadaan rangka kerja data fusion dan Common Operating Picture (COP) pada peringkat nasional. Perbandingan dengan Amerika Syarikat, Singapura, Korea Selatan dan Turkiye menunjukkan bahawa keberkesanan C6ISR bergantung pada kerangka governans yang jelas, ekosistem data bersepadu dan mekanisme sokongan keputusan masa nyata. Dapatan ini memberikan asas kepada pemahaman tentang reformasi struktur yang diperlukan Malaysia bagi meningkatkan keupayaan koordinasi dalam operasi kompleks seperti keselamatan sempadan, insiden siber dan pemantauan domain maritim. Kajian ini mencadangkan satu model C6ISR konseptual yang merangkumi komponen penyepaduan perintah, data fusion, koordinasi rentas domain dan penjajaran institusi. Model ini berfungsi sebagai kerangka awal untuk memperkukuh governans keselamatan negara dan menyokong respon multi domain yang lebih koheren. Kata kunci: Ancaman hibrid, C6ISR, governans keselamatan, keselamatan multi domain, Malaysia Hybrid threats and multidomain security challenges continue to expose structural vulnerabilities in Malaysia’s national security architecture, particularly in the integration of intelligence, surveillance and command functions across agencies. This study examines these institutional gaps and proposes a conceptual C6ISR, namely command, control, communications, computers, cyber, combat systems, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, model suited to Malaysia’s operational context. Using a qualitative design based on document analysis, the research reviews key national policy documents, regional security reports and international literature on C4ISR, multidomain operations, GEOINT and security governance. The thematic analysis identifies three persistent issues: fragmented command structures, limited interoperability between defence and civilian agencies, and the absence of a national-level data fusion and Common Operating Picture (COP) framework. Comparative insights from the United States, Singapore, South Korea and Turkiye show that effective C6ISR systems rely on clear governance arrangements, integrated data ecosystems and real-time decision-support mechanisms. These cases provide reference points for understanding the structural reforms Malaysia requires to enhance its coordination capacity during complex operations such as border security, cyber incidents and maritime domain awareness. The study proposes a conceptual C6ISR model that outlines the essential components of command integration, data fusion, cross-domain coordination and institutional alignment. This model serves as an initial framework for strengthening Malaysia’s security governance and supporting more coherent multidomain responses. The study contributes to the literature by situating C6ISR not only as a technological capability but as a governance challenge that requires organisational integration, strategic clarity and systemwide interoperability. Keywords: Hybrid threats, C6ISR, security governance, multidomain security, Malaysia
Meneroka pengalaman mobiliti pelajar dan pengaruhnya terhadap pembangunan diri dan kebolehpasaran (Exploring the experiences of mobility students and its’ influence on self-development and employability)
Banyak strategi telah diambil oleh institusi pengajian tinggi bagi mempertingkatkan pengalaman pelajar. Salah satu strategi yang juga merupakan agenda global adalah meningkatkan bilangan pelajar yang menyertai program mobiliti di luar negara. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini bertujuan meneroka pengalaman mobiliti pelajar dan pengaruhnya terhadap pembangunan diri dan kebolehpasaran pelajar dalam kalangan pelajar-pelajar yang telah menjalani pelbagai program mobiliti. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif melibatkan sembilan informan yang telah dipilih untuk temubual mendalam. Responden telah dipilih melalui teknik persampelan bertujuan di mana kriteria utama responden adalah pelajar-pelajar yang pernah terlibat dalam program mobiliti. Dapatan kajian kualitatif telah menghasilkan dua tema utama iaitu impak program mobiliti terhadap pembangunan diri dan impak pengalaman mobiliti terhadap kebolehpasaran diri. Tema pertama mendapati terdapat lima subtema berkaitan impak program mobiliti iaitu toleransi, keyakinan, sahsiah, keterbukaan, dan kebolehan berdikari. Hasil analisis kualitatif juga mendapati terdapat enam subtema impak pengalaman mobiliti terhadap kebolehpasaran diri iaitu adaptasi rentas budaya, kematangan interpersonal, keyakinan, keperluan kerjaya dalam bidang, nilai tambah dan kemahiran daya tindak. Melalui kajian ini, dapatan yang dihasilkan ialah faktor-faktor positif program mobiliti yang boleh digunakan untuk mempromosi program mobiliti dalam kalangan pelajar. Implikasi daripada kajian ini adalah melibatkan pengenalpastian kelemahan dan kekuatan dalam pelaksanaan program mobiliti yang seterusnya dapat memperkasakan lagi usaha dalam meningkatkan kualiti positif graduan. Kata kunci: Kebolehpasaran, keterbukaan, kualitatif, mobiliti, pelajar universiti, pembangunan diri Many strategies have been taken by higher educational institutions to enhance the student experience. One strategy that is also a global agenda is to increase the number of students participating in mobility programmes abroad. In this regard, this study aims to explore the student mobility experience and its influence on self-development and employability among students who have undergone various mobility programs. This study used a qualitative method involving nine informants who have been selected for in-depth interviews. Respondents were selected through purposive sampling techniques where the main criteria for respondents are students who have been involved in mobility programmes. The findings of the qualitative study have produced two main themes, namely the impact of mobility programs on personal quality and the impact of mobility experiences on employability. The first theme found that there were five subthemes related to the impact of mobility programs, namely tolerance, confidence, personality, openness, and independence. The results of the qualitative analysis also found that there were six subthemes that impact mobility experiences on employability, namely cross-cultural adaptation, interpersonal maturity, confidence, career needs in the field, added value, and coping skills. Through this study, the findings highlight the positive factors of mobility programmes that can be used to promote mobility programmes among students. The implications of this study involve identifying weaknesses and strengths in the implementation of mobility programmes which can further strengthen efforts in increasing the positive qualities of graduates. Keywords: Employability, openness, qualitative, mobility, university students, self-development
Faktor pengetahuan, sikap dan impresi terhadap penyertaan masyarakat Melayu dan Bumiputera dalam perayaan Cina (The influence of knowledge, attitudes, and impressions on the participation of Malay and Bumiputera communities in Chinese festivals)
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji persepsi masyarakat Melayu dan Bumiputera terhadap perayaan masyarakat Cina di Malaysia, khususnya hubungannya dengan integrasi nasional dalam konteks masyarakat majmuk. Perayaan budaya merupakan komponen penting dalam identiti komuniti yang bukan sahaja melestarikan warisan tetapi juga memupuk perpaduan sosial melalui interaksi silang budaya. Namun begitu, orientasi masyarakat berbilang agama dan kaum ini masih belum diterokai secara sistematik dan ilmiah terhadap perayaan sesuatu kaum. Kajian ini memfokuskan kepada bagaimana pengetahuan, sikap, dan impresi keseluruhan dalam mempengaruhi tahap penyertaan dalam perayaan masyarakat Cina. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, data dikumpul melalui soal selidik daripada 938 pelajar Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) dari lima negeri di Malaysia. Teknik Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) digunakan untuk menganalisis data. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa tahap pengetahuan yang tinggi tentang tradisi dan makna perayaan masyarakat Cina, seperti Tahun Baru Cina dan Pesta Kuih Bulan, mendorong penyertaan yang lebih aktif. Sikap positif terhadap kepelbagaian budaya merupakan faktor yang paling signifikan, mencerminkan toleransi dan penghargaan terhadap budaya lain sebagai pendorong kepada interaksi sosial. Sebaliknya, impresi keseluruhan yang negatif, termasuk tanggapan bahawa elemen tertentu dalam perayaan bercanggah dengan nilai agama, menghalang penyertaan. Kajian ini menekankan kepentingan pendidikan budaya dan dialog antara kaum untuk menghapuskan stereotaip dan memperkukuh kefahaman antara budaya. Usaha seperti kempen kesedaran budaya, program pertukaran pelajar, dan aktiviti komuniti yang inklusif dicadangkan sebagai langkah untuk memupuk perpaduan nasional. Penemuan ini memberikan implikasi penting untuk dasar integrasi sosial di Malaysia, khususnya dalam merangka pendekatan yang lebih efektif dalam meningkatkan hubungan antara kaum. Kata kunci: Dialog antara kaum, integrasi nasional, perayaan budaya, persepsi masyarakat Melayu, sikap positif This study investigates the perceptions of Malay and Bumiputera communities towards Chinese cultural festivals in Malaysia, with particular attention to their role in fostering national integration within a multicultural society. Cultural festivals are integral to community identity, serving both to preserve heritage and to promote social cohesion through intercultural interaction. However, the orientation of this multi-religious and multi-ethnic society has not yet been systematically and academically explored in relation to the celebrations of a particular community. The study examines how knowledge, attitudes, and overall impressions influence participation in Chinese festivals. Employing a quantitative approach, data were collected via survey from 938 Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) students across five Malaysian states and analyzed using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Results reveal that greater knowledge of the traditions and meanings of Chinese festivals, such as the Lunar New Year and the Mid-Autumn Festival, enhances participation. Positive attitudes toward cultural diversity emerged as the strongest predictor of engagement, reflecting tolerance and appreciation of other cultures as key drivers of social interaction. In contrast, negative impressions-particularly perceptions of conflict between certain festival elements and religious values-discouraged participation. The study underscores the importance of cultural education and inter-ethnic dialogue in dismantling stereotypes and strengthening intercultural understanding. Initiatives such as cultural awareness campaigns, student exchange programs, and inclusive community activities are recommended as pathways to foster national unity. The findings carry significant implications for social integration policies in Malaysia, particularly in advancing more effective strategies to strengthen interethnic relations. Keywords: Interethnic dialogue, national integration, cultural festivals, perceptions of the Malay community, positive attitudes