An Anthropolinguistic Study of Similes and Metaphors as Cultural Codes in Al-Manfalūṭī’s al-Shāʿir
Abstract
This study addresses the limited anthropolinguistic analysis of figurative language in modern Arabic prose by examining similes (tashbīh) and metaphors (istiʿārah) as cultural codes in al-Shāʿir by Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti. Previous scholarship has primarily emphasized rhetorical classification and stylistic appreciation, leaving insufficient exploration of how figurative expressions encode culturally embedded systems of meaning. The study aims (1) to identify and classify similes and metaphors based on classical Arabic rhetorical theory (balāghah), (2) to analyze their conceptual structures using Conceptual Metaphor Theory, and (3) to interpret their cultural significance within an anthropolinguistic framework. This research employs qualitative textual analysis through systematic close reading of the original Arabic text. A total of 49 similes and 36 metaphors were identified, categorized into six and eight typologies respectively, and analyzed through a three-stage procedure: rhetorical identification, structural classification, and cultural interpretation. The findings demonstrate that figurative expressions in al-Shāʿir function as semiotic mechanisms that encode shared cultural models rooted in Arab-Islamic intellectual tradition. These include religious symbolism, moral virtues, emotional ideals, and social hierarchies. The study defines “Arab worldview” as a culturally structured system of meaning shaped by Islamic cosmology, ethical philosophy, and classical literary heritage that informs patterns of moral evaluation and emotional expression. By integrating classical rhetoric, cognitive linguistics, and anthropolinguistics, this study proposes a systematic model for analyzing Arabic figurative language beyond stylistic description, contributing to cultural linguistics and literary semiotics.
Keywords: Figurative language; Simile; Metaphor; Anthropolinguistics; Arabic literature
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini menangani keterbatasan analisis antropolinguistik terhadap bahasa kiasan dalam prosa Arab moden dengan meneliti simile (tashbīh) dan metafora (istiʿārah) sebagai kod budaya dalam al-Shāʿir karya Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti. Kajian terdahulu lebih banyak menekankan pengelasan retorik dan apresiasi gaya bahasa, manakala penerokaan tentang bagaimana ungkapan kiasan mengekodkan sistem makna yang berakar dalam budaya masih kurang diberi perhatian. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti dan mengelaskan simile dan metafora berdasarkan teori retorik Arab klasik (balāghah), menganalisis struktur konseptualnya menggunakan Teori Metafora Konseptual, serta mentafsir kepentingan budayanya dalam kerangka antropolinguistik. Kajian ini menggunakan analisis teks kualitatif melalui pembacaan teliti secara sistematik terhadap teks Arab asal. Sebanyak 49 simile dan 36 metafora dikenal pasti, dikategorikan masing-masing kepada enam dan lapan tipologi, serta dianalisis melalui prosedur tiga peringkat, iaitu pengenalpastian retorik, pengelasan struktur, dan pentafsiran budaya. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa ungkapan kiasan dalam al-Shāʿir berfungsi sebagai mekanisme semiotik yang mengekodkan model budaya bersama yang berakar dalam tradisi intelektual Arab-Islam. Hal ini merangkumi simbolisme agama, nilai akhlak, ideal emosi, dan hierarki sosial. Kajian ini mentakrifkan “pandangan alam Arab” sebagai sistem makna yang tersusun secara budaya, dibentuk oleh kosmologi Islam, falsafah etika, dan warisan kesusasteraan klasik yang mempengaruhi pola penilaian moral dan ekspresi emosi. Dengan mengintegrasikan retorik klasik, linguistik kognitif, dan antropolinguistik, kajian ini mencadangkan satu model sistematik untuk menganalisis bahasa kiasan Arab melampaui huraian gaya bahasa, sekali gus menyumbang kepada linguistik budaya dan semiotik kesusasteraan.
Kata kunci: Bahasa kiasan; simile; metafora; antropolinguistik; kesusasteraan Arab
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