Gender-Based Linguistic Patterns in Indonesian Suicide Notes (2020–2024): A Forensic Stylistic Analysis

IMA FRAFIKA SARI, ASHINIDA ALADDIN, KESUMAWATI ABU BAKAR

Abstract


Existing suicide research has predominantly focused on psychological and behavioral factors, while limited attention has been given to how gendered experiences of distress are encoded in linguistic form. This study addresses this gap by investigating how linguistic features in Indonesian suicide notes construct and reflect gendered expressions of suicidal intent through forensic stylistic analysis. The study analyzes fifty authenticated suicide notes published on online news platforms and official media websites between 2020 and 2024 using Prokofyeva’s forensic stylistic framework. Adopting a descriptive qualitative design, the analysis focuses on five stylistic domains: clear reasoning, emotional expression, text structure, grammar, and punctuation. The findings reveal systematic gender-based distinctions in the linguistic construction of suicide. Male-authored notes are characterized by explicit causal reasoning, rational and final formulations, controlled emotional expression, and structurally organized discourse that encodes suicide as a deliberate and irreversible decision. In contrast, female-authored notes display relational and affective formulations, emphasizing emotional exhaustion, self-blame, and withdrawal, with linguistic features that construct suicide as a moral response to perceived burden on others. These patterns are consistently reinforced across multiple linguistic levels and form stable discourse configurations within the dataset. The study demonstrates that linguistic structure functions as an observable marker of gendered suicidal cognition, reflecting differences in how intent is framed, justified, and communicated. By addressing the limited understanding of how gendered experiences of distress and suicidal intent are represented through linguistic features, the findings contribute theoretically to forensic linguistics and offer practical implications for early detection and suicide prevention in Indonesia.


Keywords:forensic stylistics; gender-based linguistic patterns; Indonesian suicide notes; linguistics forensic; male and female


 

Kajian ini meneliti bagaimana ciri-ciri linguistik dalam nota bunuh diri di Indonesia membentuk dan mencerminkan niat bunuh diri yang berasaskan jantina melalui pendekatan stilistik forensik. Penyelidikan sedia ada mengenai bunuh diri lebih tertumpu kepada faktor psikologi dan tingkah laku, manakala perhatian terhadap bagaimana pengalaman tekanan berasaskan jantina dikodkan dalam bentuk linguistik masih terhad. Bagi merapatkan jurang ini, kajian ini menganalisis lima puluh nota bunuh diri yang disahkan dan diterbitkan antara tahun 2020 dan 2024 dengan menggunakan kerangka analisis gaya bahasa forensik Prokofyeva. Dengan menggunakan reka bentuk kualitatif deskriptif, analisis memberi tumpuan kepada lima domain stilistik utama, iaitu penalaran jelas, pengungkapan emosi, struktur teks, tatabahasa, dan tanda baca. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan perbezaan sistematik berasaskan jantina dalam pembinaan wacana bunuh diri. Nota yang ditulis oleh lelaki dicirikan oleh penaakulan sebab-akibat yang lebih jelas, pernyataan yang rasional dan muktamad, pengungkapan emosi yang lebih terkawal, serta struktur wacana yang tersusun yang menggambarkan bunuh diri sebagai suatu keputusan yang disengajakan dan tidak boleh dipulihkan. Sebaliknya, nota yang ditulis oleh wanita menunjukkan formulasi relasional dan afektif, yang menekankan keletihan emosi, kecenderungan menyalahkan diri sendiri, dan penarikan diri sosial di mana bunuh diri dikonstruksikan sebagai tindak balas moral terhadap beban yang dirasakan terhadap orang lain. Pola-pola ini secara konsisten diperkuat merentas pelbagai tahap linguistik dan membentuk konfigurasi wacana yang stabil dalam korpus kajian. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa ciri-ciri linguistik dalam nota bunuh diri mencerminkan perbezaan berasaskan jantina dalam pembentukan dan penyampaian niat bunuh diri, khususnya dari segi cara niat tersebut dibingkaikan, dijustifikasikan, dan disampaikan. Dengan menghubungkan forensik stiliistik dengan psikologi bunuh diri, dapatan ini memberikan sumbangan teoretikal kepada bidang linguistik forensik serta implikasi praktikal bagi pengesanan awal dan pencegahan bunuh diri di Indonesia.


Kata Kunci:stilistika forensik; pola linguistik berasaskan jantina; catatan bunuh diri di Indonesia; linguistik forensik; lelaki dan wanita



Keywords


forensic stylistics; gender-based linguistic patterns; Indonesian suicide notes; linguistics forensic; male and female

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References


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/gema-2026-2603-05

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