Penyelesaian Pertikaian di bawah Konvensyen Undang undang Laut Antarabangsa (Dispute Settlement under the Law of the Sea Convention)
Abstract
ABSTRAK
Konvensyen Undang-Undang Laut Antarabangsa 1982 telah memperuntukan empat kaedah yang boleh digunakan oleh negara-negara ahli untuk menyelesaikan pertelingkahan. Kaedah yang pertama adalah melalui Tribunal Antarabangsa Undang-undang Laut (ITLOS) yang ditubuhkan selaras dengan lampiran VI, manakala kaedah yang kedua pula adalah merupakan Mahkamah Keadilan Antarabangsa (MKA). Kaedah yang ketiga dan keempat adalah melalui tribunal timbang tara yang ditubuhkan dibawah Lampiran VII dan akhir sekali, tribunal timbang tara khas yang ditubuhkan dibawah Lampiran VIII untuk dua atau lebih pertikaian yang dikhususkan. Kajian ini dilakukan adalah untuk melihat kaedah-kaedah penyelesaian pertikaian dengan melihat prosedur-prosedur yang telah ditetapkan dibawah KUULA 1982. Selain itu, kajian ini akan melihat kes-kes yang telah diputuskan yang menggunapakai kaedah penyelesaian pertikaian seperti yang telah dinyatakan seperti kes penambakan laut oleh Singapura di sekitar Johor, kes Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries yang melibatkan antara United Kingdom dan Norway, Kes North Sea Continental Shelf antara Jerman dan Denmark dan kes tuntutan China terhadap Laut China Selatan yang melibatkan Republik Filipina dan Republik China. Di samping itu, pengkaji akan mengkaji bidang kuasa institutusi yang terlibat dalam menyelesaikan masalah pertikaian di laut sesama negara ahli. Pengkaji juga akan membincangkan isu-isu berkaitan dengan institusi yang dinyatakan seperti pertembungan antara ITLOS dengan MKA, kritikan terhadap kes yang diputuskan oleh institusi yang berkaitan dan sebagainya. Metadologi yang digunakan oleh pengkaji adalah kajian perpustakaan sahaja. Akhir sekali, pengkaji dapat melihat bahawa penyelesaian pertikaian dibawah KUULA 1982 dapat memberi jalan keluar kepada negara yang bertelingkah dengan penuh diplomasi.
Kata Kunci: undang-undang laut antarabangsa, Mahkamah Keadilan Antarabangsa, Timbang Tara, penyelesaian pertikaian
ABSTRACT
The UN Convention on the Law of The Sea 1982 provides four forums that can be used by Member States to settle any disputes. The first forum is the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) which was established in accordance with Annex VI, while the second forum is the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The following forums are the Arbitral Tribunal under Annex VII, and the Special Tribunal established under Annex VIII for two or more of the categories of disputes specialized. This study is conducted to identify the methods of dispute settlements and to observe the procedures provided in the UNCLOS 1982. Furthermore, this study will observe the cases conducted by those different means of dispute settlement such as the case concerning the land reclamation by Singapore around Johor, the Anglo Norwegian Fisheries case involving the United Kingdom and Norway, the North Sea Continental Shelf case between Germany and Denmark, and the case concerning China’s claim towards the South China Sea involving the Republic of Philippines and the Republic of China. In addition, this research will study the jurisdiction of the institutions involved in settling the disputes between State Parties. This study also discusses the issues regarding the mentioned institutions such as the conflict between the ITLOS and the ICJ, criticism against the cases decided by the said institutions and many more. Moreover, the research methodology mainly used in this study is by way of library research. Lastly, the author observes that the dispute settlements under the UNCLOS 1982 provide a solution for disputing parties in a diplomatic manner.
Keywords: international sea law, International Court of Justice, Arbitral Tribunal, dispute settlement
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