Kra Canal (1824-1910): The Elusive Dream

Clarence Ngui Yew Kit (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, akademika.ukm@gmail.com)

Abstract


Positioned in the north of the Malay Peninsula, the Isthmus of Kra is the narrowest land mass separating the Andaman Sea from the Gulf of Thailand. Cutting a canal across this isthmus – seldom more than 50 miles across – will reduce almost 1,500 miles of sea route between Europe and East Asia and offer a time saving of almost three days. Yet, what initially appears to be a logical and potentially profitable construction project has proven to be nothing more than an elusive dream. This article looks at the various proposals forwarded for The Kra Canal between 1824 and 1910, during the reigns of King Rama III Phra Nangklao, King Rama IV Mongkut and King Rama V Chulalongkorn. Coincidentally, these three eras represented the period of Siam’s modernisation amid creeping European colonisation. These eras also showed Siam’s different approaches to foreign relations: Phra Nangklao was an isolationist, Mongkut welcomed foreigners and Chulalongkorn was a fervent moderniser. In their different separate ways, all the three kings entertained various proposals to construct a canal across the Isthmus of Kra only to see to their failure of taking off beyond the planning stages. The insecurity of Siam’s independence at the height of European colonialism in Southeast Asia was the penultimate reason for Siam’s refusal to realise the Kra Canal dream.

Keywords: 

ABSTRAK

Segenting Kra yang terletak di utara Tanah Melayu merupakan pembahagi tanah yang mengasingkan Lautan Adaman dengan Teluk Thailand. Pembinaan sebuah terusan merentas Segenting Kra yang lebarnya tidak melebihi 50 batu akan menjimatkan lebih daripada 1,500 batu perjalanan di antara Eropah dengan Asia Timur serta mengurangkan tiga hari masa pelayaran. Apa yang pada awalnya nampak sebagai satu projek yang logik dan boleh menguntungkan telah menjadi sebuah mimpi yang tidak boleh dicapai. Artikel ini akan melihat kepada persaingan-persaingan untuk membina Terusan Kra daripada 1824 hingga 1910 di bawah pemerintahan Raja Rama III Phra Nangklao, Raja Rama IV Mongkut dan Raja Rama V Chulalongkorn. Secara kebetulan, era ketiga-tiga raja ini melambangkan jangka masa pemodenan Siam dalam masa perkembangan penjajahan Barat. Ketiga-tiga era merujuk kepada cara berlainan untuk berdepan dengan penjajahan Barat – Phra Nangklao bersifat tutup pintu, Mongkut mempelawa kemasukan pengaruh asing dan Chulalongkorn mementingkan pemodenan. Di dalam cara mereka yang tersendiri, ketiga-ketiga raja Siam ini melayan projek pembinaan Terusan Kra di Segenting Kra. Namun demikian, walaupun wujudnya pelbagai tinjauan dan kajian dilaksanakan, semua cadangan pembinaan Terusan Kra gagal bergerak daripada pelan permulaan. Artikel ini mendapati kesemua cadangan pembinaan Terusan Kra menghadapi jalan buntu. Ketidakyakinan raja-raja Siam terhadap memelihara kedaulatan negara merupakan sebab utama yang menggagalkan projek pembinaan Terusan Kra.



Full Text:

PDF

References


Brailey, N. 1999. The Scramble for Concessions in 1880s Siam. Modern Asian Studies Volume 33(3): 513-549.

Burney, H. 1914. The Burney Papers Bangkok 1910-1914 Volume I-V. Bangkok: Gregg International Publishers Ltd.

Carrington, J. 1906. Montone Puket (Siam) Malay Peninsula. Journal of Siam Society 3(1): 28-47.

Chau Ju-Kua. 1966. Chu-fan-chi: A Description of Barbarous People Records of Foreign Nations. New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp.

Coedès, G. 1928. English Correspondence of King Mongkut. Journal of Siam Society Volume 21(1).

Crawfurd, J. 1967. Journal of an Embassy to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University

Press.

Gerini, G.E. Colonel. 1905. Historical retrospect of Junkceylon Island. Journal of Siam Society 2(2): 1-148.

Goldman, M. 1972. Franco-British Rivalry over Siam 1896-1904. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 3: 210-228. Guehler, U. 1949. A letter by Sir Robert H Schomburgk. HBM

Consul in Bangkok 1860. Journal of Siam Society 37(2). Hall, D.G.E. 1981. A History of Southeast Asia. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.

Hanna, W.A. 1965. Peninsular Thailand: Part 1: The Dim Past. American Universities Field Staff Reports Service Southeast Asia Series, Volume XIII, No 2 (Thailand). 1967. The Kra Isthmus Canal. American Universities Field Staff Reports Service Southeast Asia Series, Volume XV, No 12, (Thailand).

Indra Montri, Phya & Giles, F.H. 1935. Notes and queries: Remarks on the land routes across the Malay Peninsula. Journal of Siam Society XXVIII.

Jeshurun, C. 1977. The Contest for Siam 1889-1902: A Study in Diplomatic Rivalry. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 1970. The Anglo-French Declaration of January 1896 and the Independence of Siam. Journal of Siam Society LVIII (2): 105-126.

Jumsai, M.M. 2000. History of Anglo-Thai Relations. Bangkok: Chalermnit.

Loftus, Commander A.J. 1883. Notes of a Journey Across The Isthmus of Kra: Made with French Government Survey Expedition January-April 1883. Singapore: Straits Times Press.

Low, P. & Yeung Yue-man. 1973. The Proposed Kra Canal: A Critical Evaluation and its Impact on Singapore. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

MacGregor, J. 1896. Through The Buffer State: A Record of Recent Travels Through Borneo, Siam and Cambodi. London: F.V. White & Co.

Morgenthaler, H.O. 1923. Matahari: Impressions of the Siamese-Malayan Jungle. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.

Mouhot, H. 1992. Travels in Siam, Cambodia and Laos 1858- 1860. Singapore: Oxford University Press.

Munoz, P.M. 2006. Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula, Singapore: Editions Didier Millet.

Ngui Yew Kit. 2007. The Debate Over The Kra Canal (1855- 1997). Masters of Arts (Southeast Asian History) Thesis, (Unpublished), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.

Rajaretnam, M. 1978. Thailand’s Kra Canal: Some Issues. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

Smith, H.B. 1975. Historic proposals for a Kra Canal: Their impact on international relations in Southeast Asia with emphasis on British perspectives. Asian Profile 3(1) February.

Smyth, H.W. 1898. Five Years in Siam: From 1891 to 1896.

New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

Tuck, P. 1995. The French Wolf and The Siamese Lamb: The French Threat to Siamese Independence 1858-1907. Bangkok: White Lotus.

Published Original Documents

Phrarajaphongsawasdan Krung Ratnagosin Rajakran Thi Haa (Thai), BE 2504. (Reign Papers of King Rama V).

Unpublished Original Documents

CO 273 Straits Settlements Original Correspondence (Volume 118, 120, 124, 127, 131, 135, 141, 142, 150, and 158).

CO 1030/1119 Original Correspondence of the Far Eastern Department (1954-1960).

Foreign Office. F.O. 422. Further Correspondence Respecting Southeast Asia, 1883-1922.

Dispatches from United States Ministers to Siam, 1882-1906.

Notes from the Siamese Legation in the United States to the Department of State 1876-1906.

Newspapers and Periodicals

Asia Pulse

Asia Times

Asiaweek

Bangkok Post

The Nation

Straits Times


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ISSN: 0126-5008

eISSN: 0126-8694