Bahasa dan Kuasa: Analisis Wacana Barisan Nasional dalam Pilihan Raya Umum Malaysia Ke-11* (Language and Power: An Analysis of Barisan Nasional Discourse in the 11th Malaysia General Election)

Idris Aman (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, idrisa@ukm.my)

Abstract


Barisan Nasional – a coalition of several political parties which govern Malaysia since independence in 1957 – has retained the power to rule after a landslide victory in the 11th general election in 2004 with a 90 percent majority in the parliamentary seats, and dominating all state governments, except Kelantan. Various victory factors have been commented from the perspectives of political science, sociology, and from public viewpoints in the mass media. In contrast, this article analyses the Barisan Nasional victory from the linguistic perspective, the way language was manipulated and utilized, in terms of discourse, in order for the party to gain and retain political power. This writer believes that political power gaining management is a part of organization’s discourse management too. Gaining political power in the context of this study is seen as a part of social practice. The discourse chosen for this study is the Barisan Nasional 2004 general election manifesto. Analysis is based on Fairclough’s framework of critical discourse analysis. Through this framework, a textual and discursive practice is analysed. The textual analysis will be the description of the features of vocabulary, grammar, and generic structure of the discourse text. Meanwhile, the discursive practice will be the interpretation of the production, distribution, consumption, force of utterances, and semiotic aspects of the discourse. Findings from both aspects will then be explained inter-connected dialectically with the acquisition of power, which is subtly hidden in the manifesto.

ABSTRAK

Barisan Nasional – gabungan parti yang memerintah Malaysia sejak merdeka pada tahun 1957 – memperoleh kuasa memerintah lagi selepas menang besar dalam pilihan raya umum kesebelas pada tahun 2004 dengan majoriti 90 peratus kerusi Dewan Rakyat dan menguasai semua kerajaan negeri, kecuali Kelantan. Pelbagai pandangan sains politik, sosiologi, serta ulasan mengenai faktor kejayaan tersebut telah diutarakan di media massa. Berlainan daripada pandangan yang pernah diutarakan itu, makalah ini meneliti kejayaan Barisan Nasional itu dari perspektif linguistik, iaitu dari cara mereka memanfaatkan dan menggembleng bahasa atau wacana untuk mencapai hasrat mempertahankan dan memperoleh kekuasaan politik. Penulis berpandangan bahawa pengurusan pemerolehan kuasa politik sebahagiannya merupakan pengurusan wacana organisasi berkenaan juga. Pemerolehan kuasa politik dalam konteks makalah ini adalah sebahagian daripada praktis sosial. Wacana Barisan Nasional yang dipilih untuk tujuan analisis ini ialah manifesto pilihan raya umum kesebelas mereka. Analisis adalah berdasarkan pendekatan analisis wacana kritis (critical discourse analysis), kaedah Fairclough. Berdasarkan pendekatan analisis wacana kritis Fairclough itu, dimensi tekstual dan dimensi amalan wacana berkenaan dikupas. Analisis tekstual meliputi huraian aspek leksikal, nahu, dan struktur generik wacana. Analisis amalan wacana pula meliputi interpretasi penghasilan, penyebaran, penggunaan, sifat amalan, daya ujaran, dan semiotik wacana. Praktis pemerolehan kuasa yang terselindung di dalam manifesto berkenaan dipertalikan secara dialektik dengan dapatan daripada kedua-dua dimensi tersebut.


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