Protecting Native Customary Rights:Is Legal Recourse Viable Alternative?

John Phoa (Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, jphoa@fss.unimas.my)

Abstract


The objective of this article is to examine the legal protection of native customary rights over land in the Borneo state of Sarawak. This is necessary because the conflict between native customary rights owners and the state has left the former more vulnerable. Firstly, it will look into the nature of the nation-state with historical evidence as the conflict evolved in the past. This is done generally by examining the state of NCR during the various sovereignties and in particular, two important legal documents, the Sarawak Land Code and Sarawak Forest Ordinance. The contest of land/forest use between the state and the forest peoples/indigenous peoples became sharpened since the 1980s. Commercial logging and cash crop plantations that had expanded in the last two decades had left them marginalised. Different indigenous communities’ respond differently and in recent years one community decided to take a legal course. Thirdly, this article looks at Nor Nyawai land mark case and discusses its implication on the indigenous peoples’ struggle to protect their land. In doing so, it will also prove its viability as an alternative for the indigenous peoples of Sarawak. As an alternative means to legal recourse requires a lot of efforts on the part of indigenous communities especially in the documentation of evidences of NCR.

Keywords: Native customary rights, native customary lands, indigenous people, Sarawak Land Code, Sarawak Forest Ordinance, Nor Nyawai

ABSTRAK

Objektif makalah ini adalah untuk meneliti perlindungan undang-undang hak tanah adat (NCR Land) di Sarawak. Hal ini perlu diberikan perhatian memandangkan pertikaian mengenai tanah NCR yang terjadi antara pemilik tanah NCR dengan pihak negeri telah menyebabkan kaum pemilik tanah NCR lebih terdedah kepada risiko bahaya kehilangan tanah. Pertamanya, makalah ini melihat masalah tanah NCR dalam konteks negara-bangsa dengan pembuktian sejarah masa lalu. Secara umumnya ini telah dilakukan dengan cara pemeriksaan ke atas status tanah NCR pada tempoh berbagai- bagai kebebasan penggunaannya dan dalam hal ini ia boleh dilihat dari dua dokumen perundangan yang penting, iaitu Kanun Tanah Sarawak (SLC) dan Ordinan Perhutanan Sarawak (SFC). Semenjak tahun 1980-an persaingan penggunaan tanah/hutan di antara pihak negeri dengan golongan peribumi semakin sengit. Perluasan aktiviti pembalakan dan perladangan komersil ke dalam kawasan peribumi telah meminggirkan mereka daripada kewilayahan tradisionalnya. Mutakhir ini komuniti- komuniti peribumi telah bertindak-balas secara terpisah-pisah dan sebuah komuniti telah memutuskan untuk mengambil tindakan undang-undang ke atas penceroboh tanah adat warganya. Kedua, makalah ini juga meneliti kes tanda tanah Nor Nyawai dan membincangkan implikasinya ke atas pergelutan/perjuangan kaum peribumi Sarawak untuk mempertahankan tanah adat mereka. Untuk itu kebolehpercayaan kes ini sebagai alternatif kepada masyarakat peribumi Sarawak perlulah dibuktikan. Sebagai cara alternatif kepada pilihan undang-undang, maka banyak usaha di pihak komuniti peribumi diperlukan, khususnya yang berkenaan dengan pendokumentasian bukti-bukti tanah NCR.

Kata kunci: Hak adat peribumi, tanah adat peribumi, golongan peribumi, Kanun Tanah Sarawak, Ordinan Perhutanan Sarawak, Nor Nyawai


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References


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